22.2.8.6 Finding Facial Features, Eye Detection

Chapter Contents (Back)
Face Recognition. Eye Location. Eye Detection.
See also Eye Tracking, Pupil Tracking.
See also Glasses Detection, Eyeglasses Detection.

Yuille, A.L.,
Deformable Templates for Face Recognition,
CogNeuro(3), No. 1, 1991, pp. 59-70. Snakes. BibRef 9100

Yuille, A.L., Cohen, D.S., and Hallinan, P.W.,
Feature Extraction from Faces Using Deformable Templates,
IJCV(8), No. 2, August 1992, pp. 99-111.
Springer DOI BibRef 9208
Earlier: CVPR89(104-109).
IEEE DOI Golbal features. BibRef

Lipson, P.R., Yuille, A.L., O'Keeffe, D., Cavanaugh, J., Taaffe, J., Rosenthal, D.,
Deformable templates for feature extraction from medical images,
ECCV90(413-417).
Springer DOI 9004
BibRef

Hallinan, P.W.[Peter W.],
Recognizing Human Eyes,
SPIE(1570), 1991, pp. 214-226. BibRef 9100

Stringa, L.,
Eyes Detection for Face Recognition,
AppAI(7), 1993, pp. 365-382. BibRef 9300

Xie, X., Sudhakar, R., Zhuang, H.,
On Improving Eye Feature Extraction Using Deformable Templates,
PR(27), No. 6, June 1994, pp. 791-799.
Elsevier DOI BibRef 9406

Jia, X.G.[Xiao-Guang], Nixon, M.S.[Mark S.],
Extending The Feature Vector For Automatic Face Recognition,
PAMI(17), No. 12, December 1995, pp. 1167-1176.
IEEE DOI Fourier Descriptors. Walsh Transform. Moments. Extract the features of the face (eyes, etc.) to recognize the face. Describes these features using Walsh, Fourier, and moments, along with geometric measurements. BibRef 9512

Lam, K.M.[Kin-Man], Yan, H.[Hong],
Locating and Extracting the Eye in Human Face Images,
PR(29), No. 5, May 1996, pp. 771-779.
Elsevier DOI 9605
BibRef
And:
An Improved Method for Locating and Extracting the Eye in Human Face Images,
ICPR96(III: 411). 0509
BibRef

9608
(Univ. of Sydney, AUS) Gaze following.
See also Fast Algorithm for Locating Head Boundaries.

Lin, K.H., Lam, K.M., Siu, W.C.,
Locating the eye in human face images using fractal dimensions,
VISP(148), No. 6, December 2001, pp. 413-421.
IEEE Top Reference. 0203
BibRef
Earlier:
Locating the Human Eye Using Fractal Dimensions,
ICIP01(III: 1079-1082).
IEEE DOI 0108
BibRef

Deng, J.Y.[Jyh-Yuan], Lai, F.P.[Fei-Pei],
Region-Based Template Deformation and Masking for Eye-Feature Extraction and Description,
PR(30), No. 3, March 1997, pp. 403-419.
Elsevier DOI 9705
BibRef

Lam, K.M.[Kin-Man], Yan, H.[Hong],
An Analytic to Holistic Approach for Face Recognition Based on a Single Frontal View,
PAMI(20), No. 7, July 1998, pp. 673-686.
IEEE DOI 9808
Uses 40 frontal view faces. 15 feature points, estimate the head model and find rotation. And use correlation of features (eyes, etc.) with stored models. 84% recognition. BibRef

Li, D.[Dong], Xie, X.D.[Xu-Dong], Lam, K.M.[Kin-Man], Jin, Z.G.[Zhi-Gang],
Elastic block set reconstruction for face recognition,
ICIP09(3329-3332).
IEEE DOI 0911
BibRef

Lam, K.M., Yan, H.,
Fast Algorithm for Locating Head Boundaries,
JEI(3), No. 4, 1994, pp. 351-359.
See also Locating and Extracting the Eye in Human Face Images. BibRef 9400

Sakalli, M., Yan, H.,
Feature Based Compression of Human Face Images,
OptEang(37), No. 5, May 1998, pp. 1520-1529. 9806
BibRef

Sakalli, M.[Mustafa], Yan, H.[Hong], Lam, K.M.[Kin-Man], Kondo, T.,
Model-Based Multi-Stage Compression of Human Face Images,
ICPR98(Vol II: 1278-1280).
IEEE DOI 9808
BibRef

Feng, G.C.[Guo Can], Yuen, P.C.[Pong C.],
Variance Projection Function and its Application to Eye Detection for Human Face Recognition,
PRL(19), No. 9, 31 July 1998, pp. 899-906. BibRef 9807
Earlier: A2, A1:
Automatic Eye Detection for Human Identification,
SCIA97(xx-yy)
HTML Version. 9705
BibRef

Feng, G.C.[Guo Can], Yuen, P.C.[Pong C.],
Multi-cues eye detection on gray intensity image,
PR(34), No. 5, May 2001, pp. 1033-1046.
Elsevier DOI 0102
BibRef

Huang, J., Wechsler, H.,
Eye Detection Using Optimal Wavelet Packets and Radial Basis Functions (RBFs),
PRAI(13), No. 7, November 1999, pp. 1009. 0005
BibRef
And:
Eye Location Using Genetic Algorithms,
AVBPA99(xx-yy). BibRef

Suzuki, H.[Hiroyoshi],
Apparatus for processing an image of a face,
US_Patent5,859,921, Jan 12, 1999
WWW Link. BibRef 9901

McKendall, R.A.[Raymond A.],
Method of verifying the presence of an eye in a close-up image,
US_Patent6,028,949, Feb 22, 2000
WWW Link. BibRef 0002

Luo, J.B.[Jie-Bo],
Method for automatic detection of human eyes in digital images,
US_Patent6,151,403, Nov 21, 2000
WWW Link. BibRef 0011

Suzaki, M.[Masahiko],
Eye image recognition method, eye image selection method and system therefor,
US_Patent6,307,954, October 23, 2001.
WWW Link. Find pupil in small block. BibRef 0110

Li, Y.[Ying], Qi, X.L.[Xiang-Lin], Wang, Y.J.[Yun-Jiu],
Eye detection by using fuzzy template matching and feature-parameter-based judgement,
PRL(22), No. 10, August 2001, pp. 1111-1124.
Elsevier DOI 0108
BibRef

Ryu, Y.S.[Yeon-Sik], Oh, S.Y.[Se-Young],
Automatic extraction of eye and mouth fields from a face image using eigenfeatures and multilayer perceptrons,
PR(34), No. 12, December 2001, pp. 2459-2466.
Elsevier DOI 0110
BibRef

Smeraldi, F., Bigun, J.,
Retinal vision applied to facial features detection and face authentication,
PRL(23), No. 4, February 2002, pp. 463-475.
Elsevier DOI 0202
BibRef

Smeraldi, F.[Fabrizio],
A Nonparametric Approach to Face Detection Using Ranklets,
AVBPA03(351-359).
Springer DOI 0310
BibRef

Azzopardi, G.[George], Smeraldi, F.[Fabrizio],
Variance Ranklets: orientation-selective rank features for contrast modulations,
BMVC09(xx-yy).
PDF File. 0909
BibRef

Smeraldi, F.,
Ranklets: orientation selective non-parametric features applied to face detection,
ICPR02(III: 379-382).
IEEE DOI 0211
BibRef

Xue, Z.[Zhong], Li, S.Z.[Stan Z.], Teoh, E.K.[Eam Khwang],
Bayesian shape model for facial feature extraction and recognition,
PR(36), No. 12, December 2003, pp. 2819-2833.
Elsevier DOI 0310
BibRef
Earlier:
Facial Feature Extraction and Image Warping Using PCA Based Statistic Model,
ICIP01(II: 689-692).
IEEE DOI 0108
BibRef

Zhou, Z.H.[Zhi-Hua], Geng, X.[Xin],
Projection functions for eye detection,
PR(37), No. 5, May 2004, pp. 1049-1056.
Elsevier DOI 0405
BibRef

Zheng, Z.L.[Zhong-Long], Yang, J.[Jie], Yang, L.M.[Li-Min],
A robust method for eye features extraction on color image,
PRL(26), No. 14, 15 October 2005, pp. 2252-2261.
Elsevier DOI 0510
BibRef

Du, G.,
Eye location method based on symmetry analysis and high-order fractal feature,
VISP(153), No. 1, February 2006, pp. 11-16.
DOI Link 0602
BibRef

Song, J.[Jiatao], Chi, Z.[Zheru], Liu, J.L.[Ji-Lin],
A robust eye detection method using combined binary edge and intensity information,
PR(39), No. 6, June 2006, pp. 1110-1125.
Elsevier DOI 0604
Binary edge images; Multi-resolution face analysis; Light dots BibRef

Moriyama, T., Kanade, T., Xiao, J.[Jing], Cohn, J.F.,
Meticulously Detailed Eye Region Model and Its Application to Analysis of Facial Images,
PAMI(28), No. 5, May 2006, pp. 738-752.
IEEE DOI
HTML Version. 0604
BibRef

Moriyama, T.[Tsuyoshi], Kanade, T.[Takeo],
Automated Individualization of Deformable Eye Region Model and Its Application to Eye Motion Analysis,
Biometrics07(1-6).
IEEE DOI 0706
BibRef

Wang, P.[Peng], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Multi-view face and eye detection using discriminant features,
CVIU(105), No. 2, February 2007, pp. 99-111.
Elsevier DOI 0702
BibRef
Earlier:
Learn Discriminant Features for Multi-View Face and Eye Detection,
CVPR05(I: 373-379).
IEEE DOI 0507
Multi-view face detection; Feature extraction; Recursive nonparametric discriminant analysis; Eye detection; AdaBoost BibRef

Wu, Y.[Yue], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Discriminative Deep Face Shape Model for Facial Point Detection,
IJCV(113), No. 1, May 2015, pp. 37-53.
Springer DOI 1506
BibRef
Earlier:
Learning the Deep Features for Eye Detection in Uncontrolled Conditions,
ICPR14(455-459)
IEEE DOI 1412
Databases BibRef

Gou, C.[Chao], Wu, Y.[Yue], Wang, F.Y.[Fei-Yue], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Shape Augmented Regression for 3D Face Alignment,
3DFAW16(II: 604-615).
Springer DOI 1611
BibRef
Earlier: A2, A4, Only:
Shape Augmented Regression Method for Face Alignment,
FaceWild15(979-985)
IEEE DOI 1602
Active appearance model BibRef

Gou, C., Wu, Y., Wang, F.Y., Ji, Q.,
Coupled cascade regression for simultaneous facial landmark detection and head pose estimation,
ICIP17(2906-2910)
IEEE DOI 1803
Face, Pose estimation, Solid modeling, Training, Facial landmark detection, head pose estimation BibRef

Wu, Y.[Yue], Gou, C., Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Simultaneous Facial Landmark Detection, Pose and Deformation Estimation Under Facial Occlusion,
CVPR17(5719-5728)
IEEE DOI 1711
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A3, Only: Wu, Y.[Yue], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Constrained Joint Cascade Regression Framework for Simultaneous Facial Action Unit Recognition and Facial Landmark Detection,
CVPR16(3400-3408)
IEEE DOI 1612
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A3, Only:
Robust Facial Landmark Detection Under Significant Head Poses and Occlusion,
ICCV15(3658-3666)
IEEE DOI 1602
Deformable models, Head, Pose estimation, Strain. Estimation; Face; Mathematical model; Predictive models; Robustness; Shape BibRef

Wu, Y.[Yue], Wang, Z.H.[Zi-Heng], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
A Hierarchical Probabilistic Model for Facial Feature Detection,
CVPR14(1781-1788)
IEEE DOI 1409

See also Facial Feature Tracking Under Varying Facial Expressions and Face Poses Based on Restricted Boltzmann Machines. BibRef

Wang, P.[Peng], Green, M.B., Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang], Wayman, J.L.,
Automatic Eye Detection and Its Validation,
FRGC05(III: 164-164).
IEEE DOI 0507
BibRef

Danafar, S.[Somayeh], Sheikh, L.T.[Leila Taghavi], Targhi, A.T.[Alireza Tavakoli],
A method for eye detection based on SVD transforms,
IJIST(16), No. 5, 2006, pp. 222-229.
DOI Link 0704
BibRef

Chen, Q.R.[Qin-Ran], Cham, W.K.[Wai-Kuen], Lee, K.K.[Kar-Kin],
Extracting eyebrow contour and chin contour for face recognition,
PR(40), No. 8, August 2007, pp. 2292-2300.
Elsevier DOI 0704
Eyebrow; Chin contour; Face recognition; Feature extraction BibRef

Chen, Q.R.[Qin-Ran], Cham, W.K.[Wai-Kuen], Tsui, H.T.,
A method for estimating and accurately extracting the eyebrow in human face image,
ICIP02(III: 793-796).
IEEE DOI 0210
BibRef

Wang, Q.[Qiong], Yang, J.Y.[Jing-Yu],
Eye Detection in Facial Images with Unconstrained Background,
JPRR(1), No. 1, 2006, pp. 55-62.
PDF File. BibRef 0600

Wang, Q.[Qiong], Zhao, C.X.[Chun-Xia], Yang, J.Y.[Jing-Yu],
Efficient Facial Feature Detection Using Entropy and SVM,
ISVC08(I: 763-771).
Springer DOI 0812
BibRef

Kroon, B.[Bart], Maas, S.M.P.[Sander M.P.], Boughorbel, S.[Sabri], Hanjalic, A.[Alan],
Eye localization in low and standard definition content with application to face matching,
CVIU(113), No. 8, August 2009, pp. 921-933.
Elsevier DOI 0906
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A4, A2, Only:
Eye localization for face matching: is it always useful and under what conditions?,
CIVR08(379-388). 0807
Eye localization; Face matching; Face recognition; Face detection; Face registration; Local binary pattern; Experimentation BibRef
Earlier: A1, A3, A4, Only:
Accurate eye localization in low and standard definition content,
FG08(1-6).
IEEE DOI 0809
BibRef

Qian, Z.M.[Zhi-Ming], Xu, D.[Dan],
Automatic eye detection using intensity filtering and K-means clustering,
PRL(31), No. 12, 1 September 2010, pp. 1633-1640.
Elsevier DOI 1008
Eye detection; Gabor transformation; Cluster analysis; Neighborhood operator BibRef

Song, M., Tao, D., Sun, Z., Li, X.,
Visual-Context Boosting for Eye Detection,
SMC-B(40), No. 6, December 2010, pp. 1460-1467.
IEEE DOI 1011
BibRef

Hassaballah, M., Kanazawa, T., Ido, S., Ido, S.,
Efficient eye detection method based on grey intensity variance and independent components analysis,
IET-CV(4), No. 4, December 2010, pp. 261-271.
DOI Link 1011
BibRef

Monzo, D.[David], Albiol, A.[Alberto], Sastre, J.[Jorge], Albiol, A.[Antonio],
Precise eye localization using HOG descriptors,
MVA(22), No. 3, May 2011, pp. 471-480.
WWW Link. 1104

See also Face recognition using HOG-EBGM. BibRef

Kim, C.H.[Chung-Hoon], Choi, S.I.[Sang-Il], Turk, M.A.[Matthew A.], Choi, C.H.[Chong-Ho],
A New Biased Discriminant Analysis Using Composite Vectors for Eye Detection,
SMC-B(42), No. 4, August 2012, pp. 1095-1106.
IEEE DOI 1208
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A3, A4, Only:
Biased discriminant analysis using composite vectors for eye detection,
FG08(1-6).
IEEE DOI 0809
BibRef

Ren, J.F.[Jian-Feng], Jiang, X.D.[Xu-Dong], Yuan, J.S.[Jun-Song],
A complete and fully automated face verification system on mobile devices,
PR(46), No. 1, January 2013, pp. 45-56.
Elsevier DOI 1209
BibRef
And:
A fast and accurate cascade subspace face/eye detector on mobile devices,
IWMV11(84-91).
IEEE DOI 1201
Face verification system; Face detection; Eye detection; Subspace approach; Attentional cascade; Class-specific threshold BibRef

Ren, J.F.[Jian-Feng], Jiang, X.D.[Xu-Dong],
Fast eye localization based on pixel differences,
ICIP09(2733-2736).
IEEE DOI 0911
BibRef

Nanni, L.[Loris], Lumini, A.[Alessandra],
Combining Face and Eye Detectors in a High- Performance Face-Detection System,
MultMedMag(19), No. 4, 2012, pp. 20-27.
IEEE DOI 1210

See also clustering method for automatic biometric template selection, A. BibRef

Zhang, G.[Gang], Chen, J.S.[Jian-Sheng], Su, G.D.[Guang-Da], Liu, J.[Jing],
Double-pupil location of face images,
PR(46), No. 3, March 2013, pp. 642-648.
Elsevier DOI 1212
Face recognition; Face normalization; Double-pupil location; Single-pupil detection BibRef

Li, Y.J.[Yu-Jian], Li, H.[Houjun], Cai, Z.[Zhi],
Human eyebrow recognition in the matching-recognizing framework,
CVIU(117), No. 2, February 2013, pp. 170-181.
Elsevier DOI 1301
Eyebrow recognition; Face recognition; Matching-recognizing framework; Fast template matching; Fourier spectrum distance; Matching similarity; Discriminative similarity BibRef

Choi, I.H.[In-Ho], Kim, D.J.[Dai-Jin],
Generalized Binary Pattern for Eye Detection,
SPLetters(20), No. 4, April 2013, pp. 343-346.
IEEE DOI 1303
BibRef
Earlier:
Multi-scale Integral Modified Census Transform for Eye Detection,
ISVC12(II: 41-50).
Springer DOI 1209
BibRef
Earlier:
Eye Correction Using Correlation Information,
ACCV07(I: 698-707).
Springer DOI 0711
Correction of eye detection.
See also Facial Fraud Discrimination Using Detection and Classification. BibRef

Choi, I.H.[In-Ho], Kim, D.J.[Dai-Jin],
A variety of local structure patterns and their hybridization for accurate eye detection,
PR(61), No. 1, 2017, pp. 417-432.
Elsevier DOI 1609
Local structure patterns BibRef

Kalbkhani, H.[Hashem], Shayesteh, M.G.[Mahrokh G.], Mousavi, S.M.[Seyyed Mohsen],
Efficient algorithms for detection of face, eye and eye state,
IET-CV(7), No. 3, 2013, pp. 184-200.
DOI Link 1307
BibRef

Vazquez-Fernandez, E.[Esteban], Gonzalez-Jimenez, D.[Daniel], Yu, L.L.,
Improved average of synthetic exact filters for precise eye localisation under realistic conditions,
IET-Bio(2), No. 1, 2013, pp. 10-20.
DOI Link 1307
BibRef

Lin, C.F., Lin, S.F.,
Efficient face detection method with eye region judgment,
JIVP(2013), No. 1, 2013, pp. xx-yy.
DOI Link 1306
BibRef

Song, F.Y.[Feng-Yi], Tan, X.Y.[Xiao-Yang], Chen, S.C.[Song-Can], Zhou, Z.H.[Zhi-Hua],
A literature survey on robust and efficient eye localization in real-life scenarios,
PR(46), No. 12, 2013, pp. 3157-3173.
Elsevier DOI 1308
Survey, Eye Detection. Eye localization BibRef

Chen, S.[Shuo], Liu, C.J.[Cheng-Jun],
Clustering-Based Discriminant Analysis for Eye Detection,
IP(23), No. 4, April 2014, pp. 1629-1638.
IEEE DOI 1404
BibRef
Earlier:
Precise Eye Detection Using Discriminating HOG Features,
CAIP11(I: 443-450).
Springer DOI 1109
S-matrix theory BibRef

Choi, S., Lee, Y., Kim, C.,
Confidence Measure Using Composite Features for Eye Detection in a Face Recognition System,
SPLetters(22), No. 2, February 2015, pp. 225-228.
IEEE DOI 1410
Databases BibRef

Chen, S.[Shuo], Liu, C.J.[Cheng-Jun],
Eye detection using discriminatory Haar features and a new efficient SVM,
IVC(33), No. 1, 2015, pp. 68-77.
Elsevier DOI 1412
Discriminatory feature extraction (DFE) BibRef

Skodras, E.[Evangelos], Fakotakis, N.[Nikos],
Precise localization of eye centers in low resolution color images,
IVC(36), No. 1, 2015, pp. 51-60.
Elsevier DOI 1504
Eye localization BibRef

Dutta, A., Gunther, M., El Shafey, L., Marcel, S., Veldhuis, R.N.J.[Raimond N.J.], Spreeuwers, L.J.,
Impact of eye detection error on face recognition performance,
IET-Bio(4), No. 3, 2015, pp. 137-150.
DOI Link 1509
Evaluation, Face Recognition. face recognition BibRef

Serej, N.D.[Nasim Dadashi], Ahmadian, A.[Alireza], Kasaei, S.[Shohreh], Sadrehosseini, S.M.[Seyed Musa], Farnia, P.[Parastoo],
A robust keypoint extraction and matching algorithm based on wavelet transform and information theory for point-based registration in endoscopic sinus cavity data,
SIViP(10), No. 5, May 2016, pp. 983-991.
Springer DOI 1608
BibRef

Kim, H.[Hyunjun], Jo, J.[Jaeik], Toh, K.A.[Kar-Ann], Kim, J.H.[Jai-Hie],
Eye detection in a facial image under pose variation based on multi-scale iris shape feature,
IVC(57), No. 1, 2017, pp. 147-164.
Elsevier DOI 1702
Eye detection BibRef

Gou, C.[Chao], Wu, Y.[Yue], Wang, K.[Kang], Wang, K.F.[Kun-Feng], Wang, F.Y.[Fei-Yue], Ji, Q.[Qiang],
A joint cascaded framework for simultaneous eye detection and eye state estimation,
PR(67), No. 1, 2017, pp. 23-31.
Elsevier DOI 1704
Eye detection BibRef

Zhu, J.[Jie], Li, M.T.[Meng-Tang], Yu, Y.Z.[Yue-Zhao], Gou, C.[Chao],
A Joint Cascaded Framework for Simultaneous Eye State, Eye Center, and Gaze Estimation,
ICPR22(770-776)
IEEE DOI 2212
Location awareness, Emotion recognition, Shape, Biometrics (access control), Estimation, Gaze tracking, Virtual reality BibRef

Gou, C.[Chao], Zhong, R.[Rui], Yu, Y.Z.[Yue-Zhao],
MAL-Net: Multiscale Attention Link Network for Accurate Eye Center Detection,
CVIU(234), 2023, pp. 103750.
Elsevier DOI 2307
Eye center detection, Learning-by-synthesis, Attention mechanism, Multiscale feature fusion, MAL-Net, Shape-GAN BibRef

Xia, Z.Q.[Zhao-Qiang], Feng, X.Y.[Xiao-Yi], Lin, J.[Jie], Hadid, A.[Abdenour],
Deep convolutional hashing using pairwise multi-label supervision for large-scale visual search,
SP:IC(59), No. 1, 2017, pp. 109-116.
Elsevier DOI 1711
Learning, based, hashing BibRef

Xia, Z.Q.[Zhao-Qiang], Feng, X.Y.[Xiao-Yi], Peng, J., Hadid, A.[Abdenour],
Unsupervised deep hashing for large-scale visual search,
IPTA16(1-5)
IEEE DOI 1703
Boltzmann machines BibRef

Xia, Z.Q.[Zhao-Qiang], Zhang, W., Tan, F., Feng, X.Y.[Xiao-Yi], Hadid, A.,
An accurate eye localization approach for smart embedded system,
IPTA16(1-5)
IEEE DOI 1703
embedded systems BibRef

Affonso, A.A.[Alex Antonio], Rodrigues, E.L.L.[Evandro Luís Linhari], Veludo de Paiva, M.S.[Maria Stela],
High-boost Weber local filter for precise eye localization under uncontrolled scenarios,
PRL(102), 2018, pp. 50-57.
Elsevier DOI 1802
Eye localization, High-boost Weber local filter, HBWLF, Uncontrolled scenarios BibRef

Huang, B.[Bin], Chen, R.[Renwen], Zhou, Q.B.[Qin-Bang], Yu, X.Q.[Xiao-Qing],
Eye landmarks detection via two-level cascaded CNNs with multi-task learning,
SP:IC(63), 2018, pp. 63-71.
Elsevier DOI 1804
Eye landmarks detection, Two-level cascaded networks, Multi-task learning, OCE dataset, Eye state estimation BibRef

Huang, B.[Bin], Chen, R.[Renwen], Zhou, Q.B.[Qin-Bang], Xu, W.[Wang],
Eye landmarks detection via weakly supervised learning,
PR(98), 2020, pp. 107076.
Elsevier DOI 1911
Eye landmarks detection, Special format data, Weakly supervised learning, Object detection, Recurrent learning module BibRef

Zhang, S.J.[Shu-Jun], Shen, L.[Li], Zhang, R.[Ruoyi], Yang, Y.H.[Yi-Han], Zhang, Y.Q.[You-Qian],
Robust eye detection using deeply-learned gaze shifting path,
JVCIR(55), 2018, pp. 654-659.
Elsevier DOI 1809
Eye detection, Gaze shifting path, Deep feature BibRef

Fusek, R.[Radovan],
Pupil Localization Using Geodesic Distance,
ISVC18(433-444).
Springer DOI 1811
BibRef

Gou, C.[Chao], Zhang, H.[Hui], Wang, K.F.[Kun-Feng], Wang, F.Y.[Fei-Yue], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Cascade learning from adversarial synthetic images for accurate pupil detection,
PR(88), 2019, pp. 584-594.
Elsevier DOI 1901
Cascade regression, GANs, Pupil detection BibRef

Gou, C.[Chao], Wu, Y., Wang, K.[Kang], Wang, F.Y.[Fei-Yue], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Learning-by-synthesis for accurate eye detection,
ICPR16(3362-3367)
IEEE DOI 1705
Databases, Feature extraction, Head, Lighting, Shape, Training, Training, data BibRef

Ahmed, M.[Manir], Laskar, R.H.[Rabul Hussain],
Eye center localization in a facial image based on geometric shapes of iris and eyelid under natural variability,
IVC(88), 2019, pp. 52-66.
Elsevier DOI 1908
Eye detection, Eye localization, Shape analysis, Image gradients BibRef

Boutros, F., Damer, N., Kirchbuchner, F., Kuijper, A.,
Eye-MMS: Miniature Multi-Scale Segmentation Network of Key Eye-Regions in Embedded Applications,
EyeTrack19(3665-3670)
IEEE DOI 2004
augmented reality, biometrics (access control), embedded systems, eye, gaze tracking, human computer interaction, image segmentation, Embedded biometrics BibRef

Perry, J., Fernandez, A.,
MinENet: A Dilated CNN for Semantic Segmentation of Eye Features,
EyeTrack19(3671-3676)
IEEE DOI 2004
convolutional neural nets, feature extraction, gaze tracking, image classification, image resolution, image segmentation, eye tracking BibRef

Hsu, W.Y., Chung, C.J.,
A Novel Eye Center Localization Method for Head Poses With Large Rotations,
IP(30), 2021, pp. 1369-1381.
IEEE DOI 2012
Faces, Image segmentation, Lighting, Interference, Generative adversarial networks, Magnetic heads, Detectors, geometric transformation BibRef

Zheng, Y.[Yang], Fu, H.[Hong], Li, R.M.[Rui-Min], Hsung, T.C.[Tai-Chiu], Song, Z.X.[Zong-Xi], Wen, D.S.[De-Sheng],
Deep neural network oriented evolutionary parametric eye modeling,
PR(113), 2021, pp. 107755.
Elsevier DOI 2103
For more precise location. Parametric eye modeling, Deep neural network, Evolutionary search, Fitness evaluation BibRef

Mi, J.X.[Jian-Xun], Gao, Y.[Yun], Yuan, S.[Shiyao], Li, W.S.[Wei-Sheng],
Accurate and Robust Eye Center Localization by Deep Voting,
CirSysVideo(33), No. 8, August 2023, pp. 4070-4082.
IEEE DOI 2308
Convolutional neural networks, Location awareness, Semantics, Feature extraction, Shape, Faces, Eye center localization, convolutional neural networks BibRef


Mokalla, S.R.[Suha Reddy], Bourlai, T.[Thirimachos],
Robust LWIR-based Eye Center Detection through Thermal to Visible Image Synthesis,
FG21(1-8)
IEEE DOI 2303
Visualization, Image synthesis, Face recognition, Gesture recognition, Generative adversarial networks BibRef

Yan, B., Lin, Q., Tan, W., Zhou, S.,
Assessing Eye Aesthetics for Automatic Multi-Reference Eye In-Painting,
CVPR20(13506-13514)
IEEE DOI 2008
Task analysis, Face, Image reconstruction, Feature extraction, Quality assessment, Decoding BibRef

Luo, B., Shen, J., Cheng, S., Wang, Y., Pantic, M.,
Shape Constrained Network for Eye Segmentation in the Wild,
WACV20(1941-1949)
IEEE DOI 2006
Shape, Image segmentation, Image resolution, Training, Iris recognition, Face, Databases BibRef

Fuhl, W., Geisler, D., Rosenstiel, W., Kasneci, E.,
The Applicability of Cycle GANs for Pupil and Eyelid Segmentation, Data Generation and Image Refinement,
EPIC19(4406-4415)
IEEE DOI 2004
eye, feature extraction, image segmentation, pupil center, Generative Adversarial Networks, image refinement, Eyelid BibRef

Zhu, F., Cao, H., Feng, Z., Zhang, Y., Luo, W., Zhou, H., Song, M., Ma, K.,
Semi-Supervised Eye Makeup Transfer by Swapping Learned Representation,
CLI19(3858-3867)
IEEE DOI 2004
image representation, inference mechanisms, learning (artificial intelligence), data-driven approaches, Autoencoder BibRef

Kansal, P., Devanathan, S.,
EyeNet: Attention Based Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Network for Eye Region Segmentation,
EyeTrack19(3688-3693)
IEEE DOI 2004
convolutional neural nets, gaze tracking, image segmentation, iris recognition, convolutional neural networks, Attention based model BibRef

Poulopoulos, N., Psarakis, E.Z.,
A new high precision eye center localization technique,
ICIP17(2806-2810)
IEEE DOI 1803
Databases, Face, Glass, Image color analysis, Shape, Skin, Transforms, Eye Detection, Eye Localization, Eye Tracking, Gaze Tracking BibRef

Hu, Y., Li, K., Zhang, H.,
Cross-modal face matching: Tackling visual abstraction using fine-grained attributes,
VCIP16(1-4)
IEEE DOI 1701
Eyebrows BibRef

Tian, D., He, G., Wu, J., Chen, H., Jiang, Y.,
An accurate eye pupil localization approach based on adaptive gradient boosting decision tree,
VCIP16(1-4)
IEEE DOI 1701
Boosting BibRef

Zhou, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Li, B.,
Scale-adaptive EigenEye for fast eye detection in wild web images,
ICIP16(2911-2915)
IEEE DOI 1610
Detectors BibRef

Ahuja, K., Banerjee, R., Nagar, S., Dey, K., Barbhuiya, F.,
Eye center localization and detection using radial mapping,
ICIP16(3121-3125)
IEEE DOI 1610
Databases BibRef

Keshari, R., Ghosh, S., Agarwal, A., Singh, R., Vatsa, M.,
Mobile periocular matching with pre-post cataract surgery,
ICIP16(3116-3120)
IEEE DOI 1610
Databases BibRef

Karakoc, N.S.[Necmeddin Said], Karahan, S.[Samil], Akgul, Y.S.[Yusuf Sinan],
Regressor Based Estimation of the Eye Pupil Center,
GCPR15(481-491).
Springer DOI 1511
BibRef

di Martino, J.M.[J. Matías], Fernández, A.[Alicia], Ferrari, J.[José],
Automatic Eyes and Nose Detection Using Curvature Analysis,
CIARP15(271-278).
Springer DOI 1511
BibRef

Elkins, J.D.[Joshua D.], Hossain, G.[Gahangir],
Multinomial processing models in visual cognitive effort diagnostics,
Cognition15(9-15)
IEEE DOI 1510
Computational modeling. Pupillary response. BibRef

Alabort-i-Medina, J.[Joan], Qu, B.Q.[Bing-Qing], Zafeiriou, S.P.[Stefanos P.],
Statistically Learned Deformable Eye Models,
FacBeh14(285-295).
Springer DOI 1504
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Chessa, M.[Manuela], Garibotti, M.[Matteo], Maiello, G.[Guido], Caroggio, L.[Lorenzo], Huang, H.Y.[Hua-Yi], Sabatini, S.[Silvio], Solari, F.[Fabio],
Detection of 3D position of eyes through a consumer RGB-D camera for stereoscopic mixed reality environments,
IC3D14(1-8)
IEEE DOI 1503
Face BibRef

Araujo, G.M.[Gabriel M.], Ribeiro, F.M.L.[Felipe M.L.], Silva, E.A.B.[Eduardo A.B.], Goldenstein, S.K.[Siome K.],
Fast eye localization without a face model using inner product detectors,
ICIP14(1366-1370)
IEEE DOI 1502
Correlation BibRef

Liu, Z.[Zhou], Yang, H.[Heng], Dong, M.[Ming], Hua, J.[Jing],
A Bayesian Framework for Accurate Eye Center Localization,
ISVC14(II: 250-258).
Springer DOI 1501
BibRef

Iwasa, H., Ohyama, W., Wakabayashi, T., Kimura, F.,
Facial features extraction by accelerated implementation of circular hough transform and appearance evaluation,
FCV15(1-6)
IEEE DOI 1506
Hough transforms BibRef

Ito, Y.[Yasutaka], Ohyama, W.[Wataru], Wakabayashi, T.[Tetsushi], Kimura, F.[Fumitaka],
Detection of eyes by circular Hough transform and histogram of gradient,
ICPR12(1795-1798).
WWW Link. 1302
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Sobia, M.C.[M. Carmel], Menora, S., Abudhahir, A.,
Eye localization towards developing a head postures based interface for wheelchair,
IMVIP12(33-35).
IEEE DOI 1302
BibRef

Hahmann, F.[Ferdinand], Ruppertshofen, H.[Heike], Böer, G.[Gordon], Stannarius, R.[Ralf], Schramm, H.[Hauke],
Eye Localization Using the Discriminative Generalized Hough Transform,
DAGM12(155-164).
Springer DOI 1209
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Phophalia, A., Mitra, S.K., Rajwade, A.,
Object boundary detection using Rough Set Theory,
NCVPRIPG13(1-4)
IEEE DOI 1408
object detection BibRef

Phophalia, A., Kansara, B., Mitra, S.K.,
A Hybrid Approach for Eye Localization in Video,
NCVPRIPG11(98-101).
IEEE DOI 1205
BibRef

Almeida, J.D.S.[João Dallyson S.], Silva, A.C.[Aristófanes C.], Paiva, A.C.[Anselmo C.],
Automatic Eye Detection in Human Faces Using Geostatistical Functions and Support Vector Machines,
ICIAR11(II: 151-160).
Springer DOI 1106
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Yang, F.[Fei], Huang, J.Z.[Jun-Zhou], Yang, P.[Peng], Metaxas, D.N.[Dimitris N.],
Eye localization through multiscale sparse dictionaries,
FG11(514-518).
IEEE DOI 1103
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Min, R.[Rui], Dugelay, J.L.[Jean-Luc],
Inpainting of sparse occlusion in face recognition,
ICIP12(1425-1428).
IEEE DOI 1302
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Min, R.[Rui], Hadid, A.[Abdenour], Dugelay, J.L.[Jean-Luc],
Improving the recognition of faces occluded by facial accessories,
FG11(442-447).
IEEE DOI 1103
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Hassaballah, M., Ido, S.[Shun],
Eye Detection Using Intensity and Appearance Information,
MVA09(346-).
PDF File. 0905
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Heflin, B.[Brian], Scheirer, W.[Walter], Boult, T.E.,
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WACV12(193-200).
IEEE DOI 1203
With low-light, distance, pose variation, and blur. BibRef

Scheirer, W.J., Rocha, A., Heflin, B., Boult, T.E.[Terrance E.],
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BTAS09(1-8).
IEEE DOI 0909
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Ke, L.[Li], Huang, Y.[Yan],
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CISP09(1-4).
IEEE DOI 0910
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Liang, C.[Chun], Liao, W.H.[Wen-He], Shen, J.X.[Jian-Xin], Niu, S.S.[Sai-Sai],
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CISP09(1-5).
IEEE DOI 0910
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CISP09(1-4).
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IEEE DOI 0810
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Singh, N.,
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IEEE DOI 0410
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Tan, X.Y.[Xiao-Yang], Song, F.Y.[Feng-Yi], Zhou, Z.H.[Zhi-Hua], Chen, S.C.[Song-Can],
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CVPR09(1621-1628).
IEEE DOI 0906
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Wang, J.[Jian], Zhao, H.L.[Hong-Lian],
Eye detection based on multi-angle template matching,
IASP09(241-244).
IEEE DOI 0904
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Xu, C.[Cui], Zheng, Y.[Ying], Wang, Z.F.[Zeng-Fu],
Semantic feature extraction for accurate eye corner detection,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI 0812
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Zheng, Y.[Ying], Wang, Z.F.[Zeng-Fu],
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ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI 0812
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Capodiferro, L., di Claudio, E.D., Jacovitti, G., Mangiatordi, F.,
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ICIP08(37-40).
IEEE DOI 0810
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Teo, C.C.[Chuan Chin], Neo, H.F.[Han Foon], Teoh, A.B.J.[Andrew Beng Jin],
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ICMV07(46-49).
IEEE DOI 0712
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Jung, S.U.[Sung-Uk], Yoo, J.H.[Jang-Hee],
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MIRAGE07(596-606).
Springer DOI 0703
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Huang, Y.S.[Yea-Shuan], Cheng, H.Y.[Hao-Ying], Cheng, P.F.[Po-Feng], Tang, C.Y.[Cheng-Yuan],
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AVSBS06(62-62).
IEEE DOI 0611
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Zhang, X.M.[Xing-Ming], Zhan, H.Y.[Huang-Yuan],
An Illumination Independent Eye Detection Algorithm,
ICPR06(I: 392-395).
IEEE DOI 0609
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Bai, L.[Li], Shen, L.L.[Lin-Lin], Wang, Y.[Yan],
A Novel Eye Location Algorithm based on Radial Symmetry Transform,
ICPR06(III: 511-514).
IEEE DOI 0609
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Jin, L.Z.[Li-Zuo], Yuan, X.H.[Xiao-Hui], Satoh, S.[Shin'Ichi], Li, J.X.[Jiu-Xian], Xia, L.Z.[Liang-Zheng],
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ICPR06(IV: 731-735).
IEEE DOI 0609
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Zhao, S.Y.[Shu-Yan], Grigat, R.R.[Rolf-Rainer],
Robust Eye Detection under Active Infrared Illumination,
ICPR06(IV: 481-484).
IEEE DOI 0609

See also Multiblock-fusion scheme for face recognition. BibRef

Wu, J.W.[Jun-Wen], Trivedi, M.M.[Mohan M.],
A Binary Tree for Probability Learning in Eye Detection,
FRGC05(III: 170-170).
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See also two-stage head pose estimation framework and evaluation, A. BibRef

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FGR06(441-448).
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ICIP05(II: 1206-1209).
IEEE DOI 0512
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Wang, J.W.[Jing-Wein], Kuo, C.C.[Chin-Chun],
A Robust Two Stage Approach for Eye Detection,
CIAP05(431-437).
Springer DOI 0509
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Belaroussi, R.[Rachid], Prevost, L.[Lionel], Milgram, M.[Maurice],
Classifier Combination for Face Localization in Color Images,
CIAP05(1043-1050).
Springer DOI 0509
BibRef

Milgram, M.[Maurice], Belaroussi, R.[Rachid], Prevost, L.[Lionel],
Multi-stage Combination of Geometric and Colorimetric Detectors for Eyes Localization,
CIAP05(1010-1017).
Springer DOI 0509
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Nishino, K.[Ko], Belhumeur, P.N.[Peter N.], Nayar, S.K.[Shree K.],
Using Eye Reflections for Face Recognition Under Varying Illumination,
ICCV05(I: 519-526).
IEEE DOI 0510
BibRef

Wang, H.S.[Hao-Shu], Flynn, P.J.[Patrick J.],
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AVBPA05(627).
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Min, J.[Jaesik], Bowyer, K.W.[Kevin W.], Flynn, P.J.[Patrick J.],
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AVBPA05(41).
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Vu, N.S.[Ngoc-Son], Caplier, A.[Alice],
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ICIP09(3289-3292).
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See also Enhanced Patterns of Oriented Edge Magnitudes for Face Recognition and Image Matching. BibRef

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Southwest04(138-141).
IEEE DOI 0411
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Ma, Y.[Yong], Ding, X.Q.[Xiao-Qing], Wang, Z.[Zhenger], Wang, N.[Ning],
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AFGR04(339-344).
IEEE DOI 0411
BibRef

d'Orazio, T., Leo, M., Cicirelli, G., Distante, A.,
An algorithm for real time eye detection in face images,
ICPR04(III: 278-281).
IEEE DOI 0409
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Kamgar-Parsi, B.[Behrooz], Kamgar-Parsi, B.[Behzad], Jain, A.K.[Anil K.],
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AVBPA03(412-420).
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Face/identity recognition/verification using only one eye and its associated eyebrow. BibRef

Camus, T.A., Wildes, R.P.,
Reliable and fast eye finding in close-up images,
ICPR02(I: 389-394).
IEEE DOI 0211
BibRef

Kumar, R.T., Raja, S.K., Ramakrishnan, A.G.,
Eye detection using color cues and projection functions,
ICIP02(III: 337-340).
IEEE DOI 0210
BibRef

Matsakis, P., Wendling, L.,
Orbit and Sinus Classification Based on Force Histogram Computation,
ICPR00(Vol II: 451-454).
IEEE DOI 0009
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Kawaguchi, T.[Tsuyoshi], Hidaka, D.[Daisuke], Rizon, M.[Mohamed],
Robust Extraction of Eyes from Face,
ICPR00(Vol I: 1109-1114).
IEEE DOI 0009
BibRef

Kawaguchi, T., Hidaka, D., Rizon, M.,
Detection of Eyes from Human Faces by Hough Transform and Separability Filter,
ICIP00(Vol I: 49-52).
IEEE DOI 0008
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Hjelmås, E., Wroldsen, J.,
Recognizing Faces from the Eyes Only,
SCIA99(Pattern Recognition). BibRef 9900

Benn, D.E., Nixon, M.S., Carter, J.N.,
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AVBPA99(xx-yy). BibRef 9900

Mariani, R.,
Subpixellic eyes detection,
CIAP99(496-501).
IEEE DOI 9909
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Lee, H.J., Sim, D.G., Park, R.H.,
Relaxation Algorithm for Detection of Face Outline and Eye Locations,
MVA98(xx-yy). BibRef 9800

Huang, W.M.[Wei-Min], Sun, Q.B.[Qi-Bin], Lam, C.P.[Chian-Prong], Wu, J.K.[Jian-Kang],
A Robust Approach to Face and Eyes Detection from Images with Cluttered Background,
ICPR98(Vol I: 110-113).
IEEE DOI 9808
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Sun, Q.B., Huang, W.M., Wu, J.K.,
Face Detection Based on Color and Local Symmetry Information,
AFGR98(130-135).
IEEE DOI BibRef 9800

Mukaigawa, Y.[Yasuhiro], Ohta, Y.[Yuichi],
Description of Eye Figure with Small Parameters,
ICIP96(III: 503-506).
IEEE DOI BibRef 9600

Kothari, R.[Ravi], Mitchell, J.,
Detection of Eye Locations in Unconstrained Visual Images,
ICIP96(III: 519-522).
IEEE DOI BibRef 9600

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