25.4 Character Recognition Systems

25.4.1 Character Recognition Survey, Overview, Evaluations

Bledsoe, W.W., and Browning, I.,
Pattern Recognition and Reading by Machine,
EJCC59(225-232). BibRef 5900

Stevens, M.E.,
Automatic Character Recognition: A State of the Art Report,
NBSTechnical Tote, No. 112, 1961. BibRef 6100

Harmon, L.D.,
Automatic Recognition of Print and Script,
PIEEE(60), No. 10, October 1972, pp. 1165-1177. BibRef 7210

Kamentsky, L.A., and Liu, C.N.,
A Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Model for Pattern Recognition,
In: Computer and Info. SciencesSpartan, 1963, pp. 194-218. N-Tuple matching for OCR. BibRef 6300

Ledley, R.S.[Robert S.],
Special issue on Optical Character Recognition,
PR(2), No. 3, September 1970, pp. 145.
Elsevier DOI 0309
BibRef

Iijima, T., Genchi, H., Mori, K.,
A theory of character recognition by pattern matching method,
OtherLearning systems and intelligent robots, 1974, pp. 437-450. Springer.
Springer DOI 1602
BibRef

Niemann, H.[Heinrich],
Classification of characters by man and by machine,
PR(9), No. 4, 1977, pp. 173-179.
Elsevier DOI 0309
BibRef

Pavlidis, T., Mori, S., (Eds.)
Special Issue on Optical Character Recognition,
PIEEE(80), No. 7, July 1992, pp. 1027-1029.
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9207

Suen, C.Y.,
Character Recognition by Computer and Applications,
HPRIP86(569-586). BibRef 8600

Mantas, J.,
An Overview of Character Recognition Methodologies,
PR(19), No. 6, 1986, pp. 425-430.
Elsevier DOI Application, Character Recognition. BibRef 8600

Mantas, J.,
Methodologies in Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis: A Brief Survey,
PR(20), No. 1, 1987, pp. 1-6.
Elsevier DOI 0309
Survey, OCR. BibRef

Eckhouse, R., (Editor)
Intelligent Character Recognition,
Computer(23), No. 6, June 1990, pp. 99-103. Survey, OCR Products. Product Survey. BibRef 9006

Trier, Ø.D.[Øivind Due], Jain, A.K.[Anil K.], Taxt, T.[Torfinn],
Feature-Extraction Methods for Character-Recognition: A Survey,
PR(29), No. 4, April 1996, pp. 641-662.
Elsevier DOI Survey, OCR. BibRef 9604

Lopresti, D.P., Zhou, J.Y.,
Using Consensus Sequence Voting to Correct OCR Errors,
CVIU(67), No. 1, July 1997, pp. 39-47.
DOI Link 9707
BibRef

Li, Y.H., Lopresti, D.P., Nagy, G., Tomkins, A.,
Validation of Image Defect Models for Optical Character-Recognition,
PAMI(18), No. 2, February 1996, pp. 99-107.
IEEE DOI BibRef 9602

Nagy, G.[George], Clifford, B.[Bryan], Berg, A.[Andrew], Saunders, G.[Glenn], Lopresti, D.P.[Dan P.], Barney Smith, E.H.[Elisa H.],
Camera-Based Ballot Counter,
ICDAR09(151-155).
IEEE DOI 0907
BibRef

Xiu, P.P.[Ping-Ping], Lopresti, D.P.[Daniel P.], Baird, H.[Henry], Nagy, G.[George], Barney Smith, E.H.[Elisa H.],
Style-Based Ballot Mark Recognition,
ICDAR09(216-220).
IEEE DOI 0907
BibRef

Barney Smith, E.H.[Elisa H.], Lopresti, D.P.[Daniel P.], Nagy, G.[George],
Ballot mark detection,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI 0812
BibRef

Wang, P.S.P., and Bunke, H., (Eds.)
Handbook on Optical Character Recognition and Document Image Analysis,
World ScientificPublishing, 1997. Referenced as BibRef 9700 OCRDIA97
WWW Link. Survey, OCR. BibRef

Lee, S.W.[Seong-Whan],
Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition,
IJDAR(2), No. 1, 1999, pp. 1-1. Issue Introduction BibRef 9900

Lorette, G.,
Handwriting Recognition or Reading? What is the Situation at the Dawn of the 3rd Millennium?,
IJDAR(2), No. 1, 1999, pp. 2-12. BibRef 9900

Rice, S.V.[Stephen V.], Nagy, G.[George], Nartker, T.A.[Thomas A.],
Optical Character Recognition: An Illustrated Guide to the Frontier,
KluwerMay 1999. ISBN 0-7923-8492-X.
WWW Link. BibRef 9905

Francesconi, E., Gori, M., Marinai, S., Soda, G.,
A serial combination of connectionist-based classifiers for OCR,
IJDAR(3), No. 3, 2001, pp. 160-168.
Springer DOI 0105
BibRef

Brundick, F.S., Brodeen, A.E.M.[Ann E.M.], Taylor, M.S.[Malcolm S.],
A statistical approach to the generation of a database for evaluating OCR software,
IJDAR(4), No. 3, 2002, pp. 170-176.
Springer DOI 0205
BibRef

Baird, H.S.[Henry S.], Coates, A.L.[Allison L.], Fateman, R.J.[Richard J.],
PessimalPrint: a reverse Turing test,
IJDAR(5), No. 2-3, April 2003, pp. 158-163.
Springer DOI 0308
BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1, A3: ICDAR01(1154-1158).
IEEE DOI 0109
BibRef

Fateman, R.J.[Richard J.],
More versatile scientific documents,
ICDAR97(1107-1110).
IEEE DOI 9708
BibRef

Fairhurst, M.C.[Michael C.], Rahman, A.F.R.[A. Fuad R.], Guest Editors,
Special issue on multiple classifiers for document analysis applications,
IJDAR(5), No. 4, July 2003, pp. 165.
Springer DOI 0308
BibRef

Jaeger, S., Liu, C.L., Nakagawa, M.,
The state of the art in Japanese online handwriting recognition compared to techniques in western handwriting recognition,
IJDAR(6), No. 2, 2003, pp. 75-88.
Springer DOI 0310
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A3, A2:
Comparing On-Line Recognition of Japanese and Western Script in Preparation for Recognizing Multi-Language Documents,
FHR02(84-89).
IEEE Top Reference. 0209
BibRef

Barney Smith, E.H.[Elisa H.], Qiu, X.H.[Xiao-Hui],
Statistical image differences, degradation features, and character distance metrics,
IJDAR(6), No. 3, March 2004, pp. 146-153.
Springer DOI 0406
BibRef
Earlier:
Relating Statistical Image Differences and Degradation Features,
DAS02(1 ff.).
Springer DOI 0303
BibRef

Lucas, S.M.[Simon M.], Panaretos, A.[Alex], Sosa, L.[Luis], Tang, A.[Anthony], Wong, S.[Shirley], Young, R.[Robert], Ashida, K.[Kazuki], Nagai, H.[Hiroki], Okamoto, M.[Masayuki], Yamamoto, H.[Hiroaki], Miyao, H.[Hidetoshi], Zhu, J.M.[Jun-Min], Ou, W.W.[Wu-Wen], Wolf, C.[Christian], Jolion, J.M.[Jean-Michel], Todoran, L.[Leon], Worring, M.[Marcel], Lin, X.F.[Xiao-Fan],
ICDAR 2003 robust reading competitions: Entries, results, and future directions,
IJDAR(7), No. 2-3, July 2005, pp. 105-122.
Springer DOI 0508
BibRef

Lucas, S.M., Panaretos, A., Sosa, L., Tang, A., Wong, S., Young, R.,
ICDAR 2003 robust reading competitions,
ICDAR03(682-687).
IEEE DOI 0311
BibRef

Ink Markup Language: InkML,
Online2002. InkML.
WWW Link. InkML is an XML data format for representing digital ink data that is input with an electronic pen or stylus as part of a multimodal system. BibRef 0200

Unipen Project,
Online1994. Dataset, Handwriting.
WWW Link. This is a working group organized through IAPR to maintain and protect (ensure available to researchers) various databases of handwriting data. BibRef 9400

Simple OCR.,
2006
WWW Link. Vendor, OCR. A free (shareware) executable. Code may be purchased for inclusion in your product.

Creative ICR Inc.,
2006
WWW Link. Vendor, OCR. Forms processing.

Datacap,
2006
WWW Link. Vendor, OCR. Forms processing and OCR products.

Novo Dynamics,
2006
WWW Link. Vendor, OCR. Omnifont/multi-font OCR.

Adlib Software,
2006
WWW Link. Vendor, OCR. Document conversion.

OmniPage,
2006
WWW Link. Vendor, OCR. from Nuance. Standard OCR package.

Prime Recognition,
2006
HTML Version. Vendor, OCR.

ABBYY FineReader,
2007
WWW Link. Vendor, OCR. OCR products.

GOCR,
2002. Open Source OCR.
WWW Link. Code, OCR.

Google Tesseract-OCR,
1995 OCR originally developed at HP.
WWW Link. Code, OCR.

Smith, R.,
An Overview of the Tesseract OCR Engine,
ICDAR07(629-633).
IEEE DOI 0709
BibRef

Stubbe, A.[Andrea], Ringlstetter, C.[Christoph], Schulz, K.U.[Klaus U.],
Genre as noise: noise in genre,
IJDAR(10), No. 3-4, December 2007, pp. 199-209.
Springer DOI 0712
BibRef

Reffle, U.[Ulrich], Gotscharek, A.[Annette], Ringlstetter, C.[Christoph], Schulz, K.U.[Klaus U.],
Successfully detecting and correcting false friends using channel profiles,
IJDAR(12), No. 3, September 2009, pp. xx-yy.
Springer DOI 0911
BibRef
Earlier: A3, A1, A2, A4:
Deriving Symbol Dependent Edit Weights for Text Correction: The Use of Error Dictionaries,
ICDAR07(639-643).
IEEE DOI 0709
BibRef

Cheriet, M.[Mohamed], Kharma, N.N.[Nawwaf N.], Liu, C.L.[Cheng-Lin], Suen, C.[Ching],
Character Recognition Systems: A Guide for Students and Practitioners,
WileyOctober 2007. ISBN: 978-0-471-41570-1.
HTML Version. Buy this book: Character Recognition Systems: A Guide for Students and Practitioners 0905
BibRef

Cheriet, M.[Mohamed], Bunke, H.[Horst], Hu, J.Y.[Jian-Ying], Kimura, F.[Fumitaka], Suen, C.Y.[Ching Y.],
New Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition,
PR(42), No. 12, December 2009, pp. 3129-3130.
Elsevier DOI 0909
Special issue intro. BibRef

Cheriet, M.[Mohamed], El Yacoubi, M.[Mounim], Fujisawa, H.[Hiromichi], Lopresti, D.P.[Daniel P.], Lorette, G.[Guy],
Handwriting recognition research: Twenty years of achievement... and beyond,
PR(42), No. 12, December 2009, pp. 3131-3135.
Elsevier DOI 0909
BibRef

Lopresti, D.P.[Daniel P.],
Optical character recognition errors and their effects on natural language processing,
IJDAR(12), No. 3, September 2009, pp. xx-yy.
Springer DOI 0911
BibRef

Mirvaziri, H.[Hamid], Javidi, M.M.[Mohammad Masood], Mansouri, N.[Najme],
Handwriting Recognition Algorithm in Different Languages: Survey,
IVIC09(487-497).
Springer DOI 0911
Survey, Handwriting. BibRef

Bhatia, S.K.[Sanjiv K.], Samal, A.[Ashok], Rajan, N.[Nithin], Kiviniemi, M.T.[Marc T.],
Effect of font size, italics, and colour count on web usability,
IJCVR(2), No. 2, 2011, pp. 156-179.
DOI Link 1109
BibRef

Jayadevan, R., Kolhe, S.R., Patil, P.M., Pal, U.,
Offline Recognition of Devanagari Script: A Survey,
SMC-C(41), No. 6, November 2011, pp. 782-796.
IEEE DOI 1110
Survey, OCR. Survey, Devanagari. BibRef

Impedovo, S.[Sebastiano],
More than twenty years of advancements on Frontiers in handwriting recognition,
PR(47), No. 3, 2014, pp. 916-928.
Elsevier DOI 1312
Survey, Handwriting Recognition. Handwriting recognition BibRef

Shi, C.Z.[Cun-Zhao], Wang, Y.[Yanna], Jia, F.[Fuxi], He, K.[Kun], Wang, C.H.[Chun-Heng], Xiao, B.H.[Bai-Hua],
Fisher vector for scene character recognition: A comprehensive evaluation,
PR(72), No. 1, 2017, pp. 1-14.
Elsevier DOI 1708
Character representation BibRef

Wang, Y.[Yanna], Shi, C.Z.[Cun-Zhao], Wang, C.H.[Chun-Heng], Xiao, B.H.[Bai-Hua], Qi, C.Z.[Cheng-Zuo],
Multi-order co-occurrence activations encoded with Fisher Vector for scene character recognition,
PRL(97), No. 1, 2017, pp. 69-76.
Elsevier DOI 1709
Scene, character, recognition BibRef

Clausner, C.[Christian], Antonacopoulos, A.[Apostolos], Pletschacher, S.[Stefan],
Efficient and effective OCR engine training,
IJDAR(23), No. 1, January 2020, pp. 73-88.
Springer DOI 2003
BibRef

Clausner, C.[Christian], Pletschacher, S.[Stefan], Antonacopoulos, A.[Apostolos],
Flexible character accuracy measure for reading-order-independent evaluation,
PRL(131), 2020, pp. 390-397.
Elsevier DOI 2004
Performance evaluation, OCR, Reading order, Accuracy BibRef

Nguyen, T.T.H.[Thi Tuyet Hai], Jatowt, A.[Adam], Coustaty, M.[Mickael], Doucet, A.[Antoine],
Survey of Post-OCR Processing Approaches,
Surveys(54), No. 6, July 2021, pp. xx-yy.
DOI Link 2108
Survey, OCR. Survey, Post Processing. error model, language model, OCR merging, machine learning, Post-OCR processing, statistical and neural machine translation BibRef

Wang, R.P.[Rui-Ping], Cao, W.[Wei], Wu, S.H.[Shi-Hong], Jia, M.[Meng], Wang, X.P.[Xiao-Ping],
Optical character correction of large-curvature annular sector text in polar coordinate system,
PRL(167), 2023, pp. 157-163.
Elsevier DOI 2303
Optical character correction, Large curvature, Annular sector text, Polar coordinate transformation, OCR BibRef

Pippi, V.[Vittorio], Cascianelli, S.[Silvia], Baraldi, L.[Lorenzo], Cucchiara, R.[Rita],
Evaluating synthetic pre-Training for handwriting processing tasks,
PRL(172), 2023, pp. 44-50.
Elsevier DOI 2309
Handwritten text, Synthetic data, Writer retrieval, Writer identification, Writer verification, Writer classification BibRef

Robert, V., Talbot, H.,
Does Super-Resolution Improve OCR Performance In The Real World? A Case Study On Images Of Receipts,
ICIP20(548-552)
IEEE DOI 2011
Task analysis, Image resolution, Optical character recognition software, Degradation, image restoration BibRef

Chaudhuri, U.[Ushasi], Bhowmick, P.[Partha], Mukherjee, J.[Jayanta],
A Novel OCR System Based on Rough Set Semi-reduct,
PReMI17(263-269).
Springer DOI 1711
BibRef

Tafti, A.P.[Ahmad P.], Baghaie, A.[Ahmadreza], Assefi, M.[Mehdi], Arabnia, H.R.[Hamid R.], Yu, Z.Y.[Ze-Yun], Peissig, P.[Peggy],
OCR as a Service: An Experimental Evaluation of Google Docs OCR, Tesseract, ABBYY FineReader, and Transym,
ISVC16(I: 735-746).
Springer DOI 1701
BibRef

Sahu, D.K.[Devendra K], Jawahar, C.V.,
Unsupervised feature learning for optical character recognition,
ICDAR15(1041-1045)
IEEE DOI 1511
Feature Learning; OCR; RNN; Word Prediction BibRef

Ben Salah, A.[Ahmed], Moreux, J.P.[Jean Philippe], Ragot, N.[Nicolas], Paquet, T.[Thierry],
OCR performance prediction using cross-OCR alignment,
ICDAR15(556-560)
IEEE DOI 1511
Historical documents digitization BibRef

Burie, J.C., Chazalon, J., Coustaty, M., Eskenazi, S., Luqman, M.M., Mehri, M., Nayef, N., Ogier, J.M., Prum, S., Rusinol, M.,
ICDAR2015 competition on smartphone document capture and OCR (SmartDoc),
ICDAR15(1161-1165)
IEEE DOI 1511
BibRef

Peng, X.J.[Xu-Jun], Cao, H.G.[Huai-Gu], Natarajan, P.[Prem],
Document image OCR accuracy prediction via latent Dirichlet allocation,
ICDAR15(771-775)
IEEE DOI 1511
BibRef

Aharrane, N., El Moutaouakil, K., Satori, K.,
A comparison of supervised classification methods for a statistical set of features: Application: Amazigh OCR,
ISCV15(1-8)
IEEE DOI 1506
character recognition BibRef

Mennillo, L.[Laurent], Cousty, J.[Jean], Najman, L.[Laurent],
A Comparison of Some Morphological Filters for Improving OCR Performance,
ISMM15(134-145).
Springer DOI 1506
BibRef

Ray, A., Chandawala, A., Chaudhury, S.,
Character Recognition Using Conditional Random Field Based Recognition Engine,
ICDAR13(18-22)
IEEE DOI 1312
document image processing BibRef

Goto, M., Ishida, R., Feng, Y., Uchida, S.,
Analyzing the Distribution of a Large-Scale Character Pattern Set Using Relative Neighborhood Graph,
ICDAR13(3-7)
IEEE DOI 1312
graph theory BibRef

Ye, P.[Peng], Doermann, D.S.[David S.],
Learning features for predicting OCR accuracy,
ICPR12(3204-3207).
WWW Link. 1302
BibRef

Njah, S.[Sourour], Ben Nouma, B.[Badreddine], Bezine, H.[Hala], Alimi, A.M.[Adel M.],
MAYASTROUN: A Multilanguage Handwriting Database,
FHR12(308-312).
IEEE DOI 1302
Dataset, Handwriting. BibRef

Hase, H.[Hiroyuki],
Quality Evaluation of Character Image Database and Its Application,
ICDAR11(1414-1418).
IEEE DOI 1111
Apply technique to large recent collection. BibRef

Barney Smith, E.H.[Elisa H.], Lopresti, D.P.[Daniel P.], Nagy, G.[George], Wu, Z.Y.[Zi-Yan],
Towards Improved Paper-Based Election Technology,
ICDAR11(1255-1259).
IEEE DOI 1111
BibRef

Barney Smith, E.H.[Elisa H.], Goyal, S.[Shatakshi], Scott, R.[Robbie], Lopresti, D.P.[Daniel P.],
Evaluation of Voting with Form Dropout Techniques for Ballot Vote Counting,
ICDAR11(473-477).
IEEE DOI 1111
BibRef

Pastor, M.[Moisés], Paredes, R.[Roberto],
Bi-modal Handwritten Text Recognition (BiHTR) ICPR 2010 Contest Report,
ICPR-Contests10(1-13).
Springer DOI 1008
BibRef

Pastor, M.[Moises], Toselli, A.H.[Alejandro Hector], Casacuberta, F.[Francisco], Vidal, E.[Enrique],
A Bi-modal Handwritten Text Corpus: Baseline Results,
ICPR10(1933-1936).
IEEE DOI 1008
BibRef

Lopresti, D.P.[Daniel P.], Zhou, X.[Xiang], Huang, X.L.[Xiao-Lei], Tan, G.[Gang],
Document Analysis Support for the Manual Auditing of Elections,
ICDAR09(733-737).
IEEE DOI 0907
BibRef

Santos, M.[Murilo], Ko, A.H.R.[Albert Hung-Ren], Oliveira, L.S.[Luis S.], Sabourin, R.[Robert], Koerich, A.L.[Alessandro L.], de Souza Britto, Jr., A.[Alceu],
Evaluation of Different Strategies to Optimize an HMM-Based Character Recognition System,
ICDAR09(666-670).
IEEE DOI 0907
BibRef

Stamatopoulos, N.[Nikolaos], Louloudis, G.[Georgios], Gatos, B.[Basilis],
Goal-Oriented Performance Evaluation Methodology for Page Segmentation Techniques,
ICDAR15(281-285)
IEEE DOI 1511
BibRef
And: A2, A1, A3:
A Novel Two Stage Evaluation Methodology for Word Segmentation Techniques,
ICDAR09(686-690).
IEEE DOI 0907
document image analysis BibRef

Pérez, D.[Daniel], Tarazón, L.[Lionel], Serrano, N.[Nicolás], Castro, F.[Francisco], Terrades, O.R.[Oriol Ramos], Juan, A.[Alfons],
The GERMANA Database,
ICDAR09(301-305).
IEEE DOI 0907
Dataset, OCR. Handwritten Spanish manuscript from 1891. BibRef

Djioua, M.[Moussa], Plamondon, R.[Rejean],
An interactive system for the automatic generation of huge handwriting databases from a few specimens,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI 0812
BibRef

Regmi, A.[Amit], Watt, S.M.[Stephen M.],
A Collaborative Interface for Multimodal Ink and Audio Documents,
ICDAR09(901-905).
IEEE DOI 0907
BibRef

Watt, S.M.,
New Aspects of InkML for Pen-Based Computing,
ICDAR07(457-460).
IEEE DOI 0709
InkML -- ink mark up languague. An XML specification.
See also Ink Markup Language: InkML. BibRef

Keshari, B., Watt, S.M.,
Streaming-Archival InkML Conversion,
ICDAR07(1253-1257).
IEEE DOI 0709
BibRef

Schulz, K., Mihov, S., Mitankin, P.,
Fast Selection of Small and Precise Candidate Sets from Dictionaries for Text Correction Tasks,
ICDAR07(471-475).
IEEE DOI 0709
BibRef

Fujisawa, H.,
A View on the Past and Future of Character and Document Recognition,
ICDAR07(3-7).
IEEE DOI 0709
BibRef

Wong, A.K.S.[Alex K. S.], Lee, J.W.T.[John W. T.], Yeung, D.S.[Daniel S.],
Improving Text Classifier Performance based on AUC,
ICPR06(III: 268-271).
IEEE DOI 0609
AUC: Area under the ROC. BibRef

Li, L.L.[Lin-Lin], Tan, C.L.[Chew Lim],
Improving OCR Text Categorization Accuracy with Electronic Abstracts,
DIAL06(82-87).
IEEE DOI 0604
OCR with some prior knowledge, the abstract. BibRef

Kokawa, A.[Akihiro], Busagala, L.S.P.[Lazaro S.P.], Ohyama, W.[Wataru], Wakabayashi, T.[Tetsushi], Kimura, F.[Fumitaka],
An Impact of OCR Errors on Automated Classification of OCR Japanese Texts with Parts-of-Speech Analysis,
ICDAR11(543-547).
IEEE DOI 1111
BibRef

Luo, X.[Xi], Ohyama, W.[Wataru], Wakabayashi, T.[Tetsushi], Kimura, F.[Fumitaka],
A Study on Automatic Chinese Text Classification,
ICDAR11(920-924).
IEEE DOI 1111
BibRef

Kuramoto, K.[Kanta], Ohyama, W.[Wataru], Wakabayashi, T.[Tetsushi], Kimura, F.[Fumitaka],
Efficient estimation of character normal direction for Camera-based OCR,
ICDAR15(371-375)
IEEE DOI 1511
BibRef
And:
Efficient three dimensional rotation estimation for camera-based OCR,
MVA15(459-462)
IEEE DOI 1507
Accuracy BibRef

Murata, M.[Mayo], Busagala, L.S.P.[Lazaro S.P.], Ohyama, W.[Wataru], Wakabayashi, T.[Tetsushi], Kimura, F.[Fumitaka],
The Impact of OCR Accuracy and Feature Transformation on Automatic Text Classification,
DAS06(506-517).
Springer DOI 0602
BibRef

Sankar, K.P.[K. Pramod], Ambati, V.[Vamshi], Pratha, L.[Lakshmi], Jawahar, C.V.,
Digitizing a Million Books: Challenges for Document Analysis,
DAS06(425-436).
Springer DOI 0602
BibRef

Agrawal, M., Bali, K., Madhvanath, S., Vuurpijl, L.,
UPX: a new XML representation for annotated datasets of online handwriting data,
ICDAR05(II: 1161-1165).
IEEE DOI 0508
BibRef

Lenaghan, A.P., Malyan, R.R.,
XPEN: an XML based format for distributed online handwriting recognition,
ICDAR03(1270-1274).
IEEE DOI 0311
BibRef

Mihov, S., Schulz, K.U., Ringlstetter, C., Dojchinova, V., Nakova, V., Kalpakchieva, K., Gerasimov, O., Gotscharek, A., Gercke, C.,
A corpus for comparative evaluation of OCR software and postcorrection techniques,
ICDAR05(I: 162-166).
IEEE DOI 0508
BibRef

Ringlstetter, C., Schulz, K.U., Mihov, S., Louka, K.,
The same is not the same: Postcorrection of alphabet confusion errors in mixed-alphabet OCR recognition,
ICDAR05(I: 406-410).
IEEE DOI 0508
BibRef

Strohmaier, C.M., Ringlstetter, C., Schulz, K.U., Mihov, S.,
Lexical postcorrection of OCR-results: The Web as a Dynamic Secondary Dictionary?,
ICDAR03(1133-1137).
IEEE DOI 0311
BibRef

Luo, X.P.[Xi-Ping], Zhen, L.X.[Li-Xin], Peng, G.[Gang], Li, J.[Jun], Xiao, B.H.[Bai-Hua],
Camera based mixed-lingual card reader for mobile device,
ICDAR05(II: 665-669).
IEEE DOI 0508
BibRef

Luo, X.P.[Xi-Ping], Li, J.[Jun], Zhen, L.X.[Li-Xin],
Design and implementation of a card reader based on build-in camera,
ICPR04(I: 417-420).
IEEE DOI 0409
BibRef

Simard, P.Y., Szeliski, R., Benaloh, J., Couvreur, J., Calinov, I.,
Using character recognition and segmentation to tell computer from humans,
ICDAR03(418-423).
IEEE DOI 0311
BibRef

Nagy, G.,
Teaching a computer to read,
ICPR92(II:225-229).
IEEE DOI 9208
BibRef

Nagy, G.,
Advanced character recognition 6610,
ICDAR01(2-6). 0109
BibRef

Ratzlaff, E.H.,
Methods, report and survey for the comparison of diverse isolated character recognition results on the UNIPEN database,
ICDAR03(623-628).
IEEE DOI 0311
BibRef

Aksoy, S., Ye, M., Schauf, M., Song, M., Wang, Y., Haralick, R.M., Parker, J.R., Pivovarov, J., Royko, D., Sun, C., Farnebäck, G.,
Algorithm Performance Contest,
ICPR00(Vol IV: 870-876).
IEEE DOI 0009
3 problems: Binary Shape, Symbol Recogniton, and Image Flow. BibRef

di Lecce, V., Dimauro, G., Guerriero, A., Impedovo, S., Pirlo, G., Salzo, A.,
A new database of confusing characters for testing character recognition algorithms,
CIAP99(939-944).
IEEE DOI 9909
BibRef

Mao, J.[Jianchang], Sinha, P.[Prasun],
Combining Multiple OCRs for Optimizing Word Recognition,
ICPR98(Vol I: 436-438).
IEEE DOI 9808
BibRef

Miletzki, U.,
Character Recognition in Practice Today and Tomorrow,
ICDAR97(902-907).
IEEE DOI 9708
BibRef

Guyon, I., Schomaker, L.R.B., Plamondon, R., Liberman, M., Janet, S.,
UNIPEN project of on-line data exchange and recognizer benchmarks,
ICPR94(B:29-33).
IEEE DOI 9410
BibRef

Schuermann, J.,
Reading Machines,
ICPR82(xx). BibRef 8200

Chapter on OCR, Document Analysis and Character Recognition Systems continues in
General Character Recognition Issues .