5.6.4 Sharpening, Unsharp Masking

Chapter Contents (Back)
Sharpening. Unsharp Mask.
See also Pansharpening, Fusion of Aerial Images.

Kelly, D.H.,
Effects of Sharp Edges in a Flickering Field,
JOSA(49), No. 7, July 1959, pp. 730-732. BibRef 5907

Schreiber, W.F.,
Wirephoto Quality Improvement by Unsharp Masking,
PR(2), No. 2, May 1970, pp. 117-120.
Elsevier DOI BibRef 7005

Levi, L.[Leo],
Unsharp masking and related image enhancement techniques,
CGIP(3), No. 2, June 1974, pp. 163-177.
Elsevier DOI 0501
BibRef

Fahnestock, J.D., Hunt, B.R.,
The Maintenance of Sharpness in Magnified Digital Images,
CVGIP(27), No. 1, July 1984, pp. 32-45.
Elsevier DOI BibRef 8407

Mitra, S.K., Yu, T.H.,
Transform Amplitude Sharpening: A New Method of Image Enhancement,
CVGIP(40), No. 2, November 1987, pp. 205-218.
Elsevier DOI BibRef 8711

Chen, L.H.[Ling-Hwei], and Tsai, W.H.[Wen-Hsiang],
Moment-Preserving Sharpening: A New Approach to Digital Picture Deblurring,
CVGIP(41), No. 1, January 1988, pp. 1-27.
Elsevier DOI
See also Moment-Preserving Thresholding: A New Approach. BibRef 8801

Hishinuma, K.[Kazuhiro],
Method and apparatus for displaying radiation image, and method and apparatus for calculating unsharp mask signal used for the same,
US_Patent4,903,205, Feb 20, 1990
WWW Link. BibRef 9002

Hirosawa, M.[Makoto], Asada, S.J.[Shin-Ji], Sakamoto, T.[Takash],
Method of enhancing image sharpness for image reproduction using sharp/unsharp signal processing,
US_Patent4,972,256, November 20, 1990
WWW Link. Sharpen each color component and recompute color. BibRef 9011

Sugiura, S.[Susumu],
Image reading apparatus,
US_Patent5,020,118, May 28, 1991
WWW Link. BibRef 9105

Eschbach, R.[Reiner], Fuss, W.A.[William A.],
Image-dependent sharpness enhancement,
US_Patent5,363,209, November 8, 1994.
WWW Link. BibRef 9411

Eschbach, R.[Reiner], Mailloux, L.D.[Louis D.],
Image conversion with lossy adaptive error diffusion,
US_Patent5,245,678, Sep 14, 1993
WWW Link. BibRef 9309

Eschbach, R.[Reiner],
Automated template design method for print enhancement,
US_Patent5,724,455, Mar 3, 1998
WWW Link. BibRef 9803

Ramponi, G., Strobel, N., Mitra, S.K., Yu, T.H.,
Nonlinear Unsharp Masking Methods for Image-Contrast Enhancement,
JEI(5), No. 3, July 1996, pp. 353-366. 9703
BibRef

Ramponi, G., Polesel, A.,
Rational Unsharp Masking Technique,
JEI(7), No. 2, April 1998, pp. 333-338. 9807
BibRef

Polesel, A., Ramponi, G., Mathews, V.J.,
Image Enhancement via Adaptive Unsharp Masking,
IP(9), No. 3, March 2000, pp. 505-510.
IEEE DOI 0003
BibRef
Earlier:
Adaptive Unsharp Masking for Contrast Enhancement,
ICIP97(I: 267-270).
IEEE DOI BibRef

Scognamiglio, G.[Gaetano], Ramponi, G.[Giovanni], Rizzi, A.[Andrea], Albani, L.[Luigi],
A Rational Unsharp Masking Method for TV Applications,
ICIP99(IV:247-251).
IEEE DOI BibRef 9900

Vanzo, A., Ramponi, G., Sicaranza, G.L.,
An image enhancement technique using polynomial filters,
ICIP94(II: 477-481).
IEEE DOI 9411
BibRef

Kumar, A.S., Kartikeyan, B., Majumdar, K.L.,
Band sharpening of IRS-multispectral imagery by cubic spline wavelets,
JRS(21), No. 3, February 2000, pp. 581. 0002
BibRef

Leu, J.G.,
Edge sharpening through ramp width reduction,
IVC(18), No. 6-7, 1 May 2000, pp. 501-514.
Elsevier DOI 0003
BibRef

Drew, M.S.[Mark S.], Finlayson, G.D.[Graham D.],
Spectral sharpening with positivity,
JOSA-A(17), No. 8, August 2000, pp. 1361-1370.
DOI Link 0008
BibRef

Sivaswamy, J., Salcic, Z., Ling, K.L.,
A Real-Time Implementation of Nonlinear Unsharp Masking with FPLDs,
RealTimeImg(7), No. 2, April 2001, pp. 195-202.
DOI Link 0106
BibRef

Tang, K., Astola, J.T., Neuvo, Y.,
Multichannel edge enhancement in color image processing,
CirSysVideo(4), No. 5, October 1994, pp. 468-479.
IEEE Top Reference. 0206
BibRef

Matz, S.C.[Sean C.], de Figueiredo, R.J.P.[Rui J.P.],
A nonlinear image contrast sharpening approach based on Munsell's scale,
IP(15), No. 4, April 2006, pp. 900-909.
IEEE DOI 0604
BibRef
Earlier:
A Localized Nonlinear Method for the Contrast Enhancement of Images,
ICIP99(III:484-488).
IEEE DOI BibRef

Mahmoud, T.A., Marshall, S.,
Edge-Detected Guided Morphological Filter for Image Sharpening,
JIVP(2008), No. 2008, pp. xx-yy.
DOI Link 0903
BibRef

Kapinaiah, V.[Viswanath], Mukherjee, J.[Jayanta], Biswas, P.K.[Prabir Kumar],
Image filtering in the block DCT domain using symmetric convolution,
JVCIR(22), No. 2, February 2011, pp. 141-152.
Elsevier DOI 1102
Discrete cosine transform; Transform domain processing; Symmetric convolution; Image filtering; Block DCT domain filtering; Composition and decomposition; Speedup factor; Blocking artifacts; Image sharpening
See also Wavelet to DCT transcoding in transform domain.
See also Block DCT to wavelet transcoding in transform domain. BibRef

Mukherjee, J.[Jayanta],
Local rank transform: Properties and applications,
PRL(32), No. 7, 1 May 2011, pp. 1001-1008.
Elsevier DOI 1101
Rank transform; Attractor; Edge extraction; Image enhancement BibRef

Zhan, W., Chen, Y., Zhou, J., Li, J., Liu, W.,
Sharpening Thermal Imageries: A Generalized Theoretical Framework From an Assimilation Perspective,
GeoRS(49), No. 2, February 2011, pp. 773-789.
IEEE DOI 1102
BibRef

Qiu, Y.[Yu], Urahama, K.[Kiichi],
Edge-Preserving Cross-Sharpening of Multi-Modal Images,
IEICE(E94-D), No. 3, March 2011, pp. 718-720.
WWW Link. 1103
BibRef

Calder, J., Mansouri, A., Yezzi, A.J.[Anthony J.],
Image Sharpening Via Sobolev Gradient Flows,
SIIMS(3), No. 4, 2010, pp. 981-1014.
DOI Link image diffusion; partial differential equations; gradient descent; gradient ascent; Sobolev spaces; image sharpening BibRef 1000

Calder, J., Mansouri, A., Yezzi, A.J.[Anthony J.],
New Possibilities in Image Diffusion and Sharpening via High-Order Sobolev Gradient Flows,
JMIV(40), No. 3, July 2011, pp. 248-258.
WWW Link. 1103
BibRef

Deng, G.[Guang],
A Generalized Unsharp Masking Algorithm,
IP(20), No. 5, May 2011, pp. 1249-1261.
IEEE DOI 1104
BibRef

Deng, G.[Guang],
Generalized Wiener Estimation Algorithms Based on a Family of Heavy-Tail Distributions,
ICIP05(I: 457-460).
IEEE DOI 0512
BibRef

Cao, G., Zhao, Y., Ni, R., Kot, A.C.,
Unsharp Masking Sharpening Detection via Overshoot Artifacts Analysis,
SPLetters(18), No. 10, October 2011, pp. 603-606.
IEEE DOI 1109
BibRef

Moller, M.[Michael], Wittman, T.[Todd], Bertozzi, A.L.[Andrea L.], Burger, M.[Martin],
A Variational Approach for Sharpening High Dimensional Images,
SIIMS(5), No. 1 2012, pp. 150.
DOI Link 1202
BibRef

Jung, S.W., Jeong, J.Y., Ko, S.J.,
Sharpness Enhancement of Stereo Images Using Binocular Just-Noticeable Difference,
IP(21), No. 3, March 2012, pp. 1191-1199.
IEEE DOI 1203
BibRef

Jung, S.W., Ko, S.J.,
Depth Sensation Enhancement Using the Just Noticeable Depth Difference,
IP(21), No. 8, August 2012, pp. 3624-3637.
IEEE DOI 1208
BibRef

Jung, S.W., Ko, S.J.,
Depth Map Based Image Enhancement Using Color Stereopsis,
SPLetters(19), No. 5, May 2012, pp. 303-306.
IEEE DOI 1204

See also Novel Multiple Image Deblurring Technique Using Fuzzy Projection onto Convex Sets, A. BibRef

Jung, S.W.[Seung-Won],
Image Contrast Enhancement Using Color and Depth Histograms,
SPLetters(21), No. 4, April 2014, pp. 382-385.
IEEE DOI 1403
Gaussian processes BibRef

Jung, S.W.,
Enhancement of Image and Depth Map Using Adaptive Joint Trilateral Filter,
CirSysVideo(23), No. 2, February 2013, pp. 258-269.
IEEE DOI 1301
BibRef

Jung, S.W.,
A Modified Model of the Just Noticeable Depth Difference and Its Application to Depth Sensation Enhancement,
IP(22), No. 10, 2013, pp. 3892-3903.
IEEE DOI 1309
Depth enhancement BibRef

Choi, I.H.[Ik Hyun], Nam, Y.O.[Yeon-Oh], Song, B.C.[Byung Cheol],
A content-adaptive sharpness enhancement algorithm using 2D FIR filters trained by pre-emphasis,
JVCIR(24), No. 5, July 2013, pp. 579-591.
Elsevier DOI 1306
Pre-emphasis; Sharpening; Learning; FIR; Dictionary; Content-adaptive; Synthesis; Patch BibRef

Nam, Y.O.[Yeon-Oh], Song, B.C.[Byung Cheol],
Subpixel-based image downsampling algorithm using content-adaptive two-dimensional FIR filters,
IET-IPR(8), No. 8, August 2014, pp. 445-454.
DOI Link 1410
FIR filters BibRef

Wang, J.J.[Jian-Ji], Zheng, N.N.[Nan-Ning], Liu, Y.H.[Yue-Hu], Zhou, G.[Gang],
Parameter analysis of fractal image compression and its applications in image sharpening and smoothing,
SP:IC(28), No. 6, July 2013, pp. 681-687.
Elsevier DOI 1306
Fractal image compression; Image contrast; Affine parameter; Image sharpening and smoothing BibRef

Chen, X.H.[Xue-Hong], Li, W.T.[Wen-Tao], Chen, J.[Jin], Rao, Y.H.[Yu-Han], Yamaguchi, Y.S.[Yasu-Shi],
A Combination of TsHARP and Thin Plate Spline Interpolation for Spatial Sharpening of Thermal Imagery,
RS(6), No. 4, 2014, pp. 2845-2863.
DOI Link 1405
BibRef

Ding, F., Zhu, G., Yang, J., Xie, J., Shi, Y.Q.,
Edge Perpendicular Binary Coding for USM Sharpening Detection,
SPLetters(22), No. 3, March 2015, pp. 327-331.
IEEE DOI 1410
Detect Unsharp masking in the image. BibRef

Yu, Z.[Zihan], Urahama, K.[Kiichi],
Hue-Preserving Unsharp-Masking for Color Image Enhancement,
IEICE(E97-D), No. 12, December 2014, pp. 3236-3238.
WWW Link. 1503
BibRef

Liu, L.[Lu], Jia, Z.H.[Zhen-Hong], Yang, J.[Jie], Kasabov, N.[Nikola],
A medical image enhancement method using adaptive thresholding in NSCT domain combined unsharp masking,
IJIST(25), No. 3, 2015, pp. 199-205.
DOI Link 1509
medical image enhancement BibRef

Li, L.L.[Liang-Liang], Si, Y.J.[Yu-Juan], Jia, Z.H.[Zhen-Hong],
Remote Sensing Image Enhancement Based on Adaptive Thresholding in NSCT Domain,
ICIVC17(319-322)
IEEE DOI 1708
Adaptation models, Band-pass filters, Histograms, Image reconstruction, Noise measurement, Sensors, Transforms, NSCT, adaptive threshold, contrast stretching, image enhancement, unsharp filter BibRef

Jelének, J.[Jan], Kopacková, V.[Veronika], Koucká, L.[Lucie], Mišurec, J.[Jan],
Testing a Modified PCA-Based Sharpening Approach for Image Fusion,
RS(8), No. 10, 2016, pp. 794.
DOI Link 1609
BibRef

Dmitruk, K.[Krzysztof], Denkowski, M.[Marcin], Mazur, M.[Michal], Mikolajczak, P.[Pawel],
Sharpening filter for false color imaging of dual-energy X-ray scans,
SIViP(11), No. 4, May 2017, pp. 613-620.
Springer DOI 1704
BibRef

Singh, N.K.[Neeraj Kumar], Sunaniya, A.K.[Arun Kumar],
An adaptive image sharpening scheme based on local intensity variations,
SIViP(11), No. 5, July 2017, pp. 777-784.
WWW Link. 1706
BibRef

Lillo-Saavedra, M.[Mario], García-Pedrero, A.[Angel], Merino, G.[Gabriel], Gonzalo-Martín, C.[Consuelo],
TS2uRF: A New Method for Sharpening Thermal Infrared Satellite Imagery,
RS(10), No. 2, 2018, pp. xx-yy.
DOI Link 1804
BibRef

Ye, W.[Wei], Ma, K.K.[Kai-Kuang],
Blurriness-Guided Unsharp Masking,
IP(27), No. 9, September 2018, pp. 4465-4477.
IEEE DOI 1807
BibRef
Earlier: ICIP17(3770-3774)
IEEE DOI 1803
image denoising, image enhancement, image filtering, image resolution, image restoration, matrix algebra, BUM algorithm, unsharp masking. Dictionaries, Estimation, Matrix decomposition, Noise measurement, Smoothing methods, Task analysis, BibRef

Wu, J.[Jiemin], He, Z.[Zhi], Hu, J.[Jie],
Sentinel-2 Sharpening via Parallel Residual Network,
RS(12), No. 2, 2020, pp. xx-yy.
DOI Link 2001
BibRef

Diop, E.S.[El_Hadji S.], Angulo, J.[Jesůs],
Inhomogeneous morphological PDEs for robust and adaptive image shock filters,
IET-IPR(14), No. 6, 11 May 2020, pp. 1035-1046.
DOI Link 2005
BibRef
And:
Spatially adaptive PDEs for robust image sharpening,
ICIP12(949-952).
IEEE DOI 1302
BibRef

Lin, L.H.[Li-Hui], Chen, T.J.[Tzong-Jer],
A novel scheme for image sharpness using inflection points,
IJIST(30), No. 3, 2020, pp. 753-760.
DOI Link 2008
image sharpening, inflection point, nimble filter, noise adaptive method BibRef

Oh, K.Y.[Kwan-Young], Jung, H.S.[Hyung-Sup], Park, S.H.[Sung-Hwan], Lee, K.J.[Kwang-Jae],
Spatial Sharpening of KOMPSAT-3A MIR Images Using Optimal Scaling Factor,
RS(12), No. 22, 2020, pp. xx-yy.
DOI Link 2011
BibRef

Katircioglu, F.[Ferzan],
Colour image enhancement with brightness preservation and edge sharpening using a heat conduction matrix,
IET-IPR(14), No. 13, November 2020, pp. 3202-3214.
DOI Link 2012
BibRef

Shi, Z.L.[Zeng-Lin], Chen, Y.L.[Yun-Lu], Gavves, E.[Efstratios], Mettes, P.S.[Pascal S.], Snoek, C.G.M.[Cees G. M.],
Unsharp Mask Guided Filtering,
IP(30), 2021, pp. 7472-7485.
IEEE DOI 2109
Image edge detection, Convolutional codes, Convolutional neural networks, Convolution, Task analysis, convolution neural network BibRef

Xie, H.[Hao], Ni, J.Q.[Jiang-Qun], Shi, Y.Q.[Yun-Qing],
Dual-Domain Generative Adversarial Network for Digital Image Operation Anti-Forensics,
CirSysVideo(32), No. 3, March 2022, pp. 1701-1706.
IEEE DOI 2203
Forensics, Feature extraction, Image coding, Generators, Transform coding, Training, Detectors, Digital image forensics, generative adversarial nets BibRef

Shen, Z.Y.[Zhang-Yi], Ding, F.[Feng], Shi, Y.Q.[Yun-Qing],
Anti-forensics of Image Sharpening Using Generative Adversarial Network,
IWDW19(150-157).
Springer DOI 2003
BibRef

Deng, X.J.[Xiao-Juan], Zhang, Y.H.[Ying-Hui], Zhao, X.[Xing], Li, H.W.[Hong-Wei],
Halo-free image enhancement through multi-scale detail sharpening and single-scale contrast stretching,
SP:IC(113), 2023, pp. 116923.
Elsevier DOI 2303
Multi-scale image enhancement, Halos, Laplacian pyramid, Morphological operation, Modified histogram equalization, Contrast stretching BibRef

Bhattacharya, J.[Jhilik], Marsi, S.[Stefano], Ramponi, G.[Giovanni],
Nonlinear kernel based feature maps for blur-sensitive unsharp masking of JPEG images,
IET-IPR(17), No. 4, 2023, pp. 1010-1028.
DOI Link 2303
blur analysis, deep learning, image enhancement, JPEG artifact detection BibRef

Dian, R.[Renwei], Guo, A.[Anjing], Li, S.T.[Shu-Tao],
Zero-Shot Hyperspectral Sharpening,
PAMI(45), No. 10, October 2023, pp. 12650-12666.
IEEE DOI 2310
BibRef


Mifdal, J.[Jamila], Tomás-Cruz, M.[Marc], Sebastianelli, A.[Alessandro], Coll, B.[Bartomeu], Duran, J.[Joan],
Deep unfolding for hyper sharpening using a high-frequency injection module,
EarthVision23(2106-2115)
IEEE DOI 2309
BibRef

Li, Z.G.[Zheng-Guo], Zheng, J.H.[Jing-Hong], Senthilnath, J.,
Simultaneous Smoothing and Sharpening Using iWGIF,
ICIP22(861-865)
IEEE DOI 2211
Smoothing methods, Radar, Filtering algorithms, Radar imaging BibRef

Nasonov, A., Krylov, A., Lyukov, D.,
Image Sharpening With Blur Map Estimation Using Convolutional Neural Network,
PTVSBB19(161-166).
DOI Link 1912
BibRef

Moriyama, D., Ueda, C., Azetsu, T., Suetake, N., Uchino, E.,
Image Lightness Conversion and Sharpening Taking Account of Visual Features of Elderly Person,
ICIP19(4709-4713)
IEEE DOI 1910
Elderly person, Spatial frequency characteristic, Contrast sensitivity BibRef

Teodoro, A.M.[Afonso M.], Bioucas-Dias, J.M.[José M.], Figueiredo, M.A.T.[Mário A. T.],
Sharpening Hyperspectral Images Using Spatial and Spectral Priors in a Plug-and-Play Algorithm,
EMMCVPR17(358-371).
Springer DOI 1805
BibRef

Gu, Y.Z.[Yu-Zhou], Wang, S.L.[Shi-Lin], Lin, X.[Xiang], Sun, T.F.[Tang-Feng],
USM Sharpening Detection Based on Sparse Coding,
DICTA16(1-5)
IEEE DOI 1701
Dictionaries BibRef

Sychev, M., Ikonin, S., Anisimovskiy, V.,
Sharpening filter for interlayer prediction,
VCIP14(470-473)
IEEE DOI 1504
image enhancement BibRef

Bettahar, S., Lambert, P., Stambouli, A.B.[A. Boudghene],
Anisotropic color image denoising and sharpening,
ICIP14(2669-2673)
IEEE DOI 1502
Color BibRef

Xiong, X.T.[Xiang-Tuan], Li, X.G.[Xin-Ge], Xu, G.L.[Guo-Liang],
Well-Posed Gaussian-Like Models for Image Denoising and Sharpening,
CompIMAGE14(81-94).
Springer DOI 1407
BibRef

Ding, F.[Feng], Zhu, G.P.[Guo-Pu], Shi, Y.Q.[Yun Qing],
A Novel Method for Detecting Image Sharpening Based on Local Binary Pattern,
IWDW13(180-191).
Springer DOI 1407
BibRef

Nam, M.[Myra], Ahuja, N.[Narendra],
Learning human preferences to sharpen images,
ICPR12(2173-2176).
WWW Link. 1302
BibRef

Mohamed, S., Priya, R.J.[R. Jyothi], Rojan, S.G.[S. Gift], Arafath, S.Y.[S. Yaseer],
Particle swarm based unsharp masking,
ICCVGIP10(498-505).
DOI Link 1111
BibRef

ul Haq, N.[Nuhman], Hayat, K.[Khizar], Noreen, N.[Neelum], Puech, W.[William],
Image Sharpening by DWT-Based Hysteresis,
ACIVS11(429-436).
Springer DOI 1108
BibRef

Kobayashi, T.[Tatsuya], Tajima, J.[Johji],
Content-Adaptive Automatic Image Sharpening,
ICPR10(2214-2217).
IEEE DOI 1008
BibRef

Wirth, M.[Michael], Nikitenko, D.[Denis],
The Effect of Colour Space on Image Sharpening Algorithms,
CRV10(79-85).
IEEE DOI 1005

See also Improved Quadratic Mapping Algorithm for Restoring Colour in Faded Photographs and Slides. BibRef

Buemi, A.[Antonio], Santoro, G.[Gaetano], Bruna, A.R.[Arcangelo R.], Guarnera, M.[Mirko],
Adaptive Sharpening with Overshoot Control,
CIAP09(863-872).
Springer DOI 0909
BibRef

Huang, P.H.[Po-Hao], Lin, Y.M.[Yu-Mo], Yang, H.L.[Hao-Liang], Lai, S.H.[Shang-Hong],
Image deblurring by exploiting inherent bi-level regions,
ICIP09(1321-1324).
IEEE DOI 0911
BibRef

Huang, P.H.[Po-Hao], Lin, Y.M.[Yu-Mo], Lai, S.H.[Shang-Hong],
Image deblurring with blur kernel estimation from a reference image patch,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI 0812
BibRef

Bilcu, R.C.[Radu Ciprian], Vehvilainen, M.[Markku],
Constrained Unsharp Masking for Image Enhancement,
ICISP08(10-19).
Springer DOI 0807
BibRef

Wilscy, M., Nair, M.S.[Madhu S.],
A New Method for Sharpening Color Images Using Fuzzy Approach,
ICIAR08(xx-yy).
Springer DOI 0806
BibRef

Xie, M.H.[Mei-Hua], Wang, Z.M.[Zheng-Ming],
Anisotropic Nonlinear Diffusion Approach to Image Sharpening,
ICIP05(I: 869-872).
IEEE DOI 0512
BibRef

Fu, S.J.[Shu-Jun],
Fuzzy Bidirectional Flow for Adaptive Image Sharpening,
ICIP05(I: 917-920).
IEEE DOI 0512
BibRef

Shaked, D., Tastl, I.,
Sharpness Measure: Towards Automatic Image Enhancement,
ICIP05(I: 937-940).
IEEE DOI 0512
BibRef

Baldrich, R., Panrell, M., Benavente, R., Salvatella, A.,
Color image enhancement based on perceptual sharpening,
ICIP03(III: 401-404).
IEEE DOI 0312
BibRef

Saito, T., Harada, H., Satsumabayashi, J.[Jun], Komatsu, T.,
Color image sharpening based on nonlinear reaction-diffusion,
ICIP03(III: 389-392).
IEEE DOI 0312
BibRef

Ensafi, P., Tizhoosh, H.R.,
Type-2 Fuzzy Image Enhancement,
ICIAR05(159-166).
Springer DOI 0509
BibRef

Tizhoosh, H.R.,
Observer-dependent srarpening,
ICIP02(I: 816-819).
IEEE DOI 0210
BibRef

Chapter on Image Processing, Restoration, Enhancement, Filters, Image and Video Coding continues in
Assessment of Sharpness, Evaluation of Sharpening .


Last update:Mar 16, 2024 at 20:36:19