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        TITLE = "Voronoi Tessellation for Effective and Efficient Handwritten Digit
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        YEAR = "2013",
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@inproceedings{bb364401,
        AUTHOR = "Diem, M. and Fiel, S. and Garz, A. and Keglevic, M. and Kleber, F. and Sablatnig, R.",
        TITLE = "ICDAR 2013 Competition on Handwritten Digit Recognition (HDRC 2013)",
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        YEAR = "2013",
        PAGES = "1422-1427",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358573"}

@inproceedings{bb364402,
        AUTHOR = "Le, H.M. and Duong, A.T. and Tran, S.T.",
        TITLE = "Multiple-Classifier Fusion Using Spatial Features for Partially
Occluded Handwritten Digit Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIAR13,
        YEAR = "2013",
        PAGES = "124-132",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358574"}

@inproceedings{bb364403,
        AUTHOR = "Sermanet, P. and Chintala, S. and Le Cun, Y.L.",
        TITLE = "Convolutional neural networks applied to house numbers digit
classification",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "3288-3291",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358575"}

@inproceedings{bb364404,
        AUTHOR = "Yu, X.G.",
        TITLE = "Localization and extraction of the four clock-digits using the
knowledge of the digital video clock",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "1217-1220",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358576"}

@inproceedings{bb364405,
        AUTHOR = "Barbuzzi, D. and Impedovo, D.",
        TITLE = "Learning Iterative Strategies in Multi-Expert Systems Using SVMs for
Digit Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = CIAP13,
        YEAR = "2013",
        PAGES = "I:121-130",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358577"}

@inproceedings{bb364406,
        AUTHOR = "Barbuzzi, D. and Impedovo, D. and Pirlo, G.",
        TITLE = "Benchmarking of Update Learning Strategies on Digit Classifier Systems",
        BOOKTITLE = FHR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "35-40",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358578"}

@inproceedings{bb364407,
        AUTHOR = "Impedovo, S. and Mangini, F.M.",
        TITLE = "A Novel Technique for Handwritten Digit Classification Using Genetic
Clustering",
        BOOKTITLE = FHR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "236-240",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358579"}

@inproceedings{bb364408,
        AUTHOR = "Abbas, N. and Chibani, Y. and Nemmour, H.",
        TITLE = "Handwritten Digit Recognition Based on a DSmT-SVM Parallel Combination",
        BOOKTITLE = FHR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "241-246",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358580"}

@inproceedings{bb364409,
        AUTHOR = "Azeem, S.A. and El Meseery, M. and Ahmed, H.",
        TITLE = "Online Arabic Handwritten Digits Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = FHR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "135-140",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358581"}

@inproceedings{bb364410,
        AUTHOR = "Bull, G. and Gao, J.B.",
        TITLE = "Classification of Hand-Written Digits Using Chordiograms",
        BOOKTITLE = DICTA11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "358-363",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358582"}

@inproceedings{bb364411,
        AUTHOR = "Wang, Z. and Huang, Y.P. and Luo, S.W. and Wang, L.",
        TITLE = "A biologically inspired system for fast handwritten digit recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIP11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "1749-1752",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358583"}

@inproceedings{bb364412,
        AUTHOR = "de Santana Pereira, C. and Cavalcanti, G.D.C.",
        TITLE = "Handwritten connected digits detection:
An approach using instance selection",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIP11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "2613-2616",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358584"}

@inproceedings{bb364413,
        AUTHOR = "Li, P. and Li, R.",
        TITLE = "The research on arabic numeral symbol's use in poster design",
        BOOKTITLE = IASP11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "67-70",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358585"}

@inproceedings{bb364414,
        AUTHOR = "Gimenez, A. and Andres Ferrer, J. and Juan, A. and Serrano, N.",
        TITLE = "Discriminative Bernoulli Mixture Models for Handwritten Digit
Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "558-562",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358586"}

@inproceedings{bb364415,
        AUTHOR = "Mizukami, Y. and Tadamura, K. and Warrell, J. and Li, P. and Prince, S.J.D.",
        TITLE = "CUDA Implementation of Deformable Pattern Recognition and its
Application to MNIST Handwritten Digit Database",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR10,
        YEAR = "2010",
        PAGES = "2001-2004",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358587"}

@inproceedings{bb364416,
        AUTHOR = "Lawal, I.A. and Abdel Aal, R.E. and Mahmoud, S.A.",
        TITLE = "Recognition of Handwritten Arabic (Indian) Numerals Using Freeman's
Chain Codes and Abductive Network Classifiers",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR10,
        YEAR = "2010",
        PAGES = "1884-1887",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358588"}

@inproceedings{bb364417,
        AUTHOR = "Bulacu, M. and Brink, A.A. and van der Zant, T. and Schomaker, L.R.B.",
        TITLE = "Recognition of Handwritten Numerical Fields in a Large Single-Writer
Historical Collection",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR09,
        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "808-812",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358589"}

@inproceedings{bb364418,
        AUTHOR = "Seijas, L.M. and Segura, E.C.",
        TITLE = "A Wavelet-Based Descriptor for Handwritten Numeral Classification",
        BOOKTITLE = FHR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "653-658",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358590"}

@inproceedings{bb364419,
        AUTHOR = "Seijas, L.M. and Segura, E.C.",
        TITLE = "Detection of Ambiguous Patterns Using SVMs:
Application to Handwritten Numeral Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = CAIP09,
        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "840-847",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358591"}

@inproceedings{bb364420,
        AUTHOR = "Romero, D. and Ruedin, A. and Seijas, L.",
        TITLE = "Wavelet-Based Feature Extraction for Handwritten Numerals",
        BOOKTITLE = CIAP09,
        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "374-383",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358592"}

@inproceedings{bb364421,
        AUTHOR = "Alamri, H. and He, C.L. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "A New Approach for Segmentation and Recognition of Arabic Handwritten
Touching Numeral Pairs",
        BOOKTITLE = CAIP09,
        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "165-172",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358593"}

@inproceedings{bb364422,
        AUTHOR = "Yu, X.G. and Li, Y.Q. and Lee, W.S.",
        TITLE = "Robust time recognition of video clock based on digit transition
detection and digit-sequence recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR08,
        YEAR = "2008",
        PAGES = "1-4",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358594"}

@inproceedings{bb364423,
        AUTHOR = "Lopez Leyva, L.O. and Yanez Marquez, C. and Flores Carapia, R. and Camacho Nieto, O.",
        TITLE = "Handwritten Digit Classification Based on Alpha-Beta Associative Model",
        BOOKTITLE = CIARP08,
        YEAR = "2008",
        PAGES = "437-444",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358595"}

@inproceedings{bb364424,
        AUTHOR = "Yektaii, M. and Bhattacharya, P.",
        TITLE = "Cumulative Global Distance for Dimension Reduction in Handwritten
Digits Database",
        BOOKTITLE = Visual07,
        YEAR = "2007",
        PAGES = "216-222",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358596"}

@inproceedings{bb364425,
        AUTHOR = "Huang, K.Z. and Sun, J. and Hotta, Y. and Fujimoto, K. and Naoi, S.",
        TITLE = "An SVM-Based High-accurate Recognition Approach for Handwritten
Numerals by Using Difference Features",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR07,
        YEAR = "2007",
        PAGES = "589-593",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358597"}

@inproceedings{bb364426,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, X.F. and Liu, X.B. and Jia, Y.D.",
        TITLE = "Unsupervised Selection and Discriminative Estimation of Orthogonal
Gaussian Mixture Models for Handwritten Digit Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR09,
        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "1151-1155",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358598"}

@inproceedings{bb364427,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, X.F. and Liu, X.B. and Jia, Y.D.",
        TITLE = "Learning Handwritten Digit Recognition by the Max-Min Posterior
Pseudo-Probabilities Method",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR07,
        YEAR = "2007",
        PAGES = "342-346",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358599"}

@inproceedings{bb364428,
        AUTHOR = "Hotta, S.",
        TITLE = "Transform-Invariance in Local Averaging Classifier for Handwritten
Digit Pattern Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR07,
        YEAR = "2007",
        PAGES = "347-351",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358600"}

@inproceedings{bb364429,
        AUTHOR = "Zheng, L.H. and He, X.J. and Wu, Q.A. and Hintz, T.",
        TITLE = "Learning-Based Number Recognition on Spiral Architecture",
        BOOKTITLE = ICARCV06,
        YEAR = "2006",
        PAGES = "1-5",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358601"}

@inproceedings{bb364430,
        AUTHOR = "Zhang, X.L. and Nagy, G.",
        TITLE = "Style Quantification of Scanned Multi-source Digits",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR06,
        YEAR = "2006",
        PAGES = "II: 1018-10121",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358602"}

@inproceedings{bb364431,
        AUTHOR = "Duong, J. and Emptoz, H.",
        TITLE = "Cascade classifier: design and application to digit recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR05,
        YEAR = "2005",
        PAGES = "II: 1065-1069",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358603"}

@inproceedings{bb364432,
        AUTHOR = "Cecotti, H. and Belaid, A.",
        TITLE = "Rejection strategy for convolutional neural network by adaptive
topology applied to handwritten digits recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR05,
        YEAR = "2005",
        PAGES = "II: 765-769",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358604"}

@inproceedings{bb364433,
        AUTHOR = "Fan, X.D.",
        TITLE = "Efficient Multiclass Object Detection by a Hierarchy of Classifiers",
        BOOKTITLE = CVPR05,
        YEAR = "2005",
        PAGES = "I: 716-723",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358605"}

@inproceedings{bb364434,
        AUTHOR = "Ng, G.S. and Murali, T. and Wahab, A. and Sriskanthan, N.",
        TITLE = "Classification of handwritten digits using evolving fuzzy neural
network",
        BOOKTITLE = ICARCV04,
        YEAR = "2004",
        PAGES = "II: 1410-1415",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358606"}

@inproceedings{bb364435,
        AUTHOR = "Miller, E.G. and Chef d'hotel, C.",
        TITLE = "Practical non-parametric density estimation on a transformation group
for vision",
        BOOKTITLE = CVPR03,
        YEAR = "2003",
        PAGES = "II: 114-121",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358607"}

@inproceedings{bb364436,
        AUTHOR = "Yamaguchi, T. and Nakano, Y. and Maruyama, M. and Miyao, H. and Hananoi, T.",
        TITLE = "Digit classification on signboards for telephone number recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR03,
        YEAR = "2003",
        PAGES = "359-363",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358608"}

@inproceedings{bb364437,
        AUTHOR = "Valveny, E. and Lopez, A.",
        TITLE = "Numeral recognition for quality control of surgical sachets",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR03,
        YEAR = "2003",
        PAGES = "379-383",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358609"}

@inproceedings{bb364438,
        AUTHOR = "Muramatsu, H. and Kobayashi, T. and Sugiyama, T. and Abe, K.",
        TITLE = "Improvement of matching and evaluation in handwritten numeral
recognition using flexible standard patterns",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR03,
        YEAR = "2003",
        PAGES = "273-277",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358610"}

@inproceedings{bb364439,
        AUTHOR = "Kobayashi, T. and Nakamura, K. and Muramatsu, H. and Sugiyama, T. and Abe, K.",
        TITLE = "Handwritten numeral recognition using flexible matching based on
learning of stroke statistics",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR01,
        YEAR = "2001",
        PAGES = "612-616",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358611"}

@inproceedings{bb364440,
        AUTHOR = "Takahashi, K. and Nishiwaki, D.",
        TITLE = "A class-modular GLVQ ensemble with outlier learning for handwritten
digit recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR03,
        YEAR = "2003",
        PAGES = "268-272",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358612"}

@inproceedings{bb364441,
        AUTHOR = "Srihari, S.N. and Tomai, C.I. and Zhang, B. and Lee, S.J.",
        TITLE = "Individuality of numerals",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR03,
        YEAR = "2003",
        PAGES = "1096-1100",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358613"}

@inproceedings{bb364442,
        AUTHOR = "de Avila, S. and Matos, L. and de A. Freitas, C.O. and de Carvalho, J.M.",
        TITLE = "Evaluating a Zoning Mechanism and Class-Modular Architecture for
Handwritten Characters Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = CIARP07,
        YEAR = "2007",
        PAGES = "515-524",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358614"}

@inproceedings{bb364443,
        AUTHOR = "Correia, S.E.N. and de Carvalho, J.M. and Sabourin, R.",
        TITLE = "On the performance of wavelets for handwritten numerals recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR02,
        YEAR = "2002",
        PAGES = "III: 127-130",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358615"}

@inproceedings{bb364444,
        AUTHOR = "Kim, K.K. and Chung, Y.K. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "Post-processing scheme for improving recognition performance of
touching handwritten numeral strings",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR02,
        YEAR = "2002",
        PAGES = "III: 327-330",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358616"}

@inproceedings{bb364445,
        AUTHOR = "de Souza Britto, A. and Sabourin, R. and Bortolozzi, F. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "A string length predictor to control the level building of HMMs for
handwritten numeral recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR02,
        YEAR = "2002",
        PAGES = "IV: 31-34",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358617"}

@inproceedings{bb364446,
        AUTHOR = "Soares de Oliveira, L.E. and Lethelier, E. and Bortolozzi, F. and Sabourin, R.",
        TITLE = "A New Segmentation Approach for Handwritten Digits",
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        YEAR = "2000",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358618"}

@inproceedings{bb364447,
        AUTHOR = "Ayat, N.E. and Cheriet, M. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "KMOD: A two-parameter SVM kernel for pattern recognition",
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@inproceedings{bb364448,
        AUTHOR = "Ayat, N.E. and Cheriet, M. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "Empirical error based optimization of SVM kernels:
Application to digit image recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = FHR02,
        YEAR = "2002",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358620"}

@inproceedings{bb364449,
        AUTHOR = "Zhang, R. and Ding, X.Q.",
        TITLE = "Offline Handwritten Numeral Recognition Using Orthogonal Gaussian
Mixture Model",
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        YEAR = "2001",
        PAGES = "I: 1126-1129",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1025.html#TT358621"}

@inproceedings{bb364450,
        AUTHOR = "Zhang, R. and Ding, X.Q. and Zhang, J.Y.",
        TITLE = "Offline handwritten character recognition based on discriminative
training of orthogonal Gaussian mixture model",
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        YEAR = "2001",
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@inproceedings{bb364451,
        AUTHOR = "Ratzlaff, E.H.",
        TITLE = "A scanning n-tuple classifier for online recognition of handwritten
digits",
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        YEAR = "2001",
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@inproceedings{bb364452,
        AUTHOR = "Ye, X.Y. and Cheriet, M. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "A framework of combining numeric string recognizers",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR01,
        YEAR = "2001",
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@inproceedings{bb364453,
        AUTHOR = "Ayat, N.E. and Cheriet, M. and Remaki, L. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "KMOD: a new support vector machine kernel with moderate decreasing for
pattern recognition. Application to digit image recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR01,
        YEAR = "2001",
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@inproceedings{bb364454,
        AUTHOR = "Singh, S. and Hewitt, M.",
        TITLE = "Cursive Digit and Character Recognition on Cedar Database",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR00,
        YEAR = "2000",
        PAGES = "Vol II: 569-572",
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@inproceedings{bb364455,
        AUTHOR = "Zhao, B. and Liu, Y. and Xia, S.W.",
        TITLE = "Support Vector Machine and Its Application in Handwritten Numeral
Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR00,
        YEAR = "2000",
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@inproceedings{bb364456,
        AUTHOR = "Grim, J. and Pudil, P. and Somol, P.",
        TITLE = "Multivariate Structural Bernoulli Mixtures for Recognition of
Handwritten Numerals",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR00,
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@inproceedings{bb364457,
        AUTHOR = "Ping, Z. and Lihui, C. and Kot, A.C.",
        TITLE = "A Floating Feature Detector for Handwritten Numeral Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR00,
        YEAR = "2000",
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@inproceedings{bb364458,
        AUTHOR = "Nobrega Correia, S.E.N. and de Carvalho, J.M.",
        TITLE = "Optimizing the Recognition Rates of Unconstrained Handwritten Numerals
Using Biorthogonal Spline Wavelets",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR00,
        YEAR = "2000",
        PAGES = "Vol II: 251-254",
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@inproceedings{bb364459,
        AUTHOR = "Mizukami, Y. and Sato, T. and Tanaka, K.",
        TITLE = "Handwritten Digit Recognition by Hierarchical Displacement Extraction
with Gradual Prototype Elimination",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR00,
        YEAR = "2000",
        PAGES = "Vol II: 339-342",
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@inproceedings{bb364460,
        AUTHOR = "Yu, D.",
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@inproceedings{bb364461,
        AUTHOR = "Teredesai, A. and Govindaraju, V.",
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emulate cognition",
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@inproceedings{bb364462,
        AUTHOR = "Yoon, S.S. and Kim, G.H. and Choi, Y.W. and Lee, Y.B.",
        TITLE = "New paradigm for segmentation and recognition of handwritten numeral
string",
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        YEAR = "2001",
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@inproceedings{bb364463,
        AUTHOR = "Park, J. and Govindaraju, V.",
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@inproceedings{bb364464,
        AUTHOR = "de Coste, D. and Burl, M.C.",
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